2.1. Maskinvara som stöds

Debian ställer inga maskinvarukrav utöver kraven ställda för Linux- eller kFreeBSD-kärnan och GNU:s verktyg. Därför kan alla arkitekturer eller plattformar till vilka Linuxkärnan, libc, gcc och så vidare, blivit porterade, och för vilken en portering till Debian finns, köra Debian. Referera till ports-sidorna på https://www.debian.org/ports/arm/ för mera detaljer om 32-bit soft-float ARM-arkitektursystem som har blivit testade med Debian GNU/Linux.

Hellre än att försöka att beskriva alla de olika maskinvarukonfigurationerna som finns stöd för i 32-bit soft-float ARM innehåller det här avsnittet allmän information och pekar till källor för ytterligare information.

2.1.1. Arkitekturer som stöds

Debian GNU/Linux 11 har stöd för 9 större arkitekturer och ett flertal variationer av varje arkitektur kända som varianter.

Arkitektur Debian-beteckning Underarkitektur Variant
AMD64 & Intel 64 amd64    
Intel x86-baserad i386 standard x86-maskiner standard
Endast Xen PV-domäner xen
ARM armel Marvell Kirkwood och Orion marvell
ARM med hårdvara FPU armhf multiplatform armmp
64bit ARM arm64    
64bit MIPS (little-endian) mips64el MIPS Malta 5kc-malta
Cavium Octeon octeon
Loongson 3 loongson-3
32bit MIPS (little-endian) mipsel MIPS Malta 4kc-malta
Cavium Octeon octeon
Loongson 3 loongson-3
Power Systems ppc64el IBM POWER8 eller nyare maskiner  
64bit IBM S/390 s390x IPL från VM-läsare och DASD generisk

Det här dokumentet täcker in installationen för 32-bit soft-float ARM--arkitekturen med Linux-kärnan. Om du letar efter information om någon av de andra arkitekturerna som Debian stöder kan du se på sidorna för Debian-porteringar.

2.1.2. Tre olika ARM-portar

The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. Debian therefore provides three ARM ports to give the best support for a very wide range of different machines:

  • Debian/armel targets older 32-bit ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU),

  • Debian/armhf works only on newer 32-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). It makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models.

  • Debian/arm64 fungerar på 64-bitars ARM processorer som åtminstone implementerar ARMv8 arkitekturen.

Technically, all currently available ARM CPUs can be run in either endian mode (big or little), but in practice the vast majority use little-endian mode. All of Debian/arm64, Debian/armhf and Debian/armel support only little-endian systems.

2.1.3. Variationer i ARM CPU-konstruktioner och stöd komplexitet

ARM systems are much more heterogeneous than those based on the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, so the support situation can be much more complicated.

The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called system-on-chip (SoC) designs. These SoCs are designed by many different companies with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. System firmware interfaces have been increasingly standardised over time, but especially on older hardware firmware/boot interfaces vary a great deal, so on these systems the Linux kernel has to take care of many system-specific low-level issues which would be handled by the mainboard's BIOS/UEFI in the PC world.

At the beginning of the ARM support in the Linux kernel, the hardware variety resulted in the requirement of having a separate kernel for each ARM system in contrast to the one-fits-all kernel for PC systems. As this approach does not scale to a large number of different systems, work was done to allow booting with a single ARM kernel that can run on different ARM systems. Support for newer ARM systems is now implemented in a way that allows the use of such a multiplatform kernel, but for several older systems a separate specific kernel is still required. Because of this, the standard Debian distribution only supports installation on a selected number of such older ARM systems, alongside the newer systems which are supported by the ARM multiplatform kernels (called armmp) in Debian/armhf.

2.1.4. Plattformar som stöds av Debian/armel

The following platforms are supported by Debian/armel; they require platform-specific kernels.

Kirkwood

Kirkwood is a system-on-chip (SoC) from Marvell that integrates an ARM CPU, Ethernet, SATA, USB, and other functionality in one chip. Debian currently supports the following Kirkwood based devices:

Orion5x

Orion is a system-on-chip (SoC) from Marvell that integrates an ARM CPU, Ethernet, SATA, USB, and other functionality in one chip. There are many Network Attached Storage (NAS) devices on the market that are based on an Orion chip. Debian currently supports the following Orion based devices: Buffalo Kurobox and HP mv2120.

Versatile

Plattformen versatile emuleras av QEMU och är därför ett enkelt sätt att testa och köra Debian på ARM om du inte har den riktiga maskinvaran.

2.1.5. Plattformar och enheter som inte längre stöds av Debian/armel

IXP4xx

Support for the Intel IXP4xx platform has been dropped in Debian 9. The Linksys NSLU2 device is based on IXP4xx and is therefore no longer supported.

Orion5x

Support for the D-Link DNS-323 and Conceptronic CH3SNAS devices has been dropped from the Orion5x platform in Debian 9. The Linux kernel no longer fits into the flash on these devices. Other Orion devices, such as Buffalo Kurobox and HP mv2120, are still supported.

2.1.6. Graphics Hardware Support

Debian's support for graphical interfaces is determined by the underlying support found in X.Org's X11 system, and the kernel. Basic framebuffer graphics is provided by the kernel, whilst desktop environments use X11. Whether advanced graphics card features such as 3D-hardware acceleration or hardware-accelerated video are available, depends on the actual graphics hardware used in the system and in some cases on the installation of additional firmware images (see Avsnitt 2.2, ”Enheter som kräver fast programvara”).

Nearly all ARM machines have the graphics hardware built-in, rather than being on a plug-in card. Some machines do have expansion slots which will take graphics cards, but that is a rarity. Hardware designed to be headless with no graphics at all is quite common. Whilst basic framebuffer video provided by the kernel should work on all devices that have graphics, fast 3D graphics invariably needs binary drivers to work. The situation is changing quickly but at the time of the bullseye release free drivers for nouveau (Nvidia Tegra K1 SoC) and freedreno (Qualcomm Snapdragon SoCs) are available in the release. Other hardware needs non-free drivers from 3rd parties.

Detaljer om grafikhårdvaraoch pekenheter kan hittas på https://wiki.freedesktop.org/xorg/. Debian 11 skickar med X.Org version 7.7.

2.1.7. Maskinvara för anslutning till nätverk

Almost any network interface card (NIC) supported by the Linux kernel should also be supported by the installation system; drivers should normally be loaded automatically.

32-bit soft-float ARM finns stöd för de flesta inbyggda Ethernet-enheter och moduler för ytterligare PCI- och USB-enheter tillhandahålls.

2.1.8. Kringutrustning och annan maskinvara

Linux har stöd för ett stort antal maskinvaruenheter såsom möss, skrivare, skannrar, PCMCIA/CardBus/ExpressCard och USB-enheter. Dock krävs inte de flesta av dessa enheter vid installation av systemet.