2.1. Understøttet udstyr

Debian indfører ikke udstyrskrav udover kravene fra Linux- eller kFreeBSD-kernen og GNU-værktøjssættene. Derfor kan enhver arkitektur eller platform som Linux- eller kFreeBSD-kernen, libc, gcc, etc. er blevet porteret til, og for hvem en Debian-port findes afvikle Debian. Se porteringsiderne på http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/ for yderligere detaljer om 32-bit hard-float ARMv7 arkitektursystemer, som er blevet testet med Debian GNU/Linux.

Frem for at forsøge at beskrive alle de forskelige udstyrskonfigurationer, som er understøttet for 32-bit hard-float ARMv7, dette afsnit indeholder generel information og henvisninger til hvor yderligere information kan findes.

2.1.1. Understøttede arkitekturer

Debian GNU/Linux 9 understøtter 10 væsentlige arkitekturer og flere variationer af hver arkitektur kendt som varianter (flavors).

Arkitektur Debian Designation Underarkitektur Variant
Intel x86-baseret i386    
AMD64 & Intel 64 amd64    
ARM armel Marvell Kirkwood kirkwood
Marvell Orion orion5x
Versatile versatile
ARM med udstyr FPU armhf flerplatform armmp
flerplatform for LPAE-egnede systemer armmp-lpae
64-bit ARM arm64    
MIPS (big endian) mips SGI IP22 (Indy/Indigo 2) r4k-ip22
SGI IP32 (O2) r5k-ip32
MIPS Malta (32-bit) 4kc-malta
MIPS Malta (64-bit) 5kc-malta
MIPS (little endian) mipsel MIPS Malta (32-bit) 4kc-malta
MIPS Malta (64-bit) 5kc-malta
IBM/Motorola PowerPC powerpc PowerMac pmac
PReP prep
Power Systems ppc64el IBM POWER8 or newer machines  
64-bit IBM S/390 s390x IPL fra VM-reader og DASD generisk

Dette dokument dækker intallationen for arkitekturen 32-bit hard-float ARMv7, der bruger kernen Linux. Hvis du er på udkig efter information om en af de andre Debian-understøttede arkitekturer så tag et kig på siderne om Debian-porteringer.

2.1.2. Three different ARM ports

The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. Debian therefore provides three ARM ports to give the best support for a very wide range of different machines:

  • Debian/armel targets older 32-bit ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU),

  • Debian/armhf works only on newer 32-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). It makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models.

  • Debian/arm64 works on 64-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv8 architecture.

Technically, all currently available ARM CPUs can be run in either endian mode (big or little), but in practice the vast majority use little-endian mode. All of Debian/arm64, Debian/armhf and Debian/armel support only little-endian systems.

2.1.3. Variations in ARM CPU designs and support complexity

ARM systems are much more heterogeneous than those based on the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, so the support situation can be much more complicated.

The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called system-on-chip (SoC) designs. These SoCs are designed by many different companies with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. System firmware interfaces have been increasingly standardised over time, but especially on older hardware firmware/boot interfaces vary a great deal, so on these systems the Linux kernel has to take care of many system-specific low-level issues which would be handled by the mainboard's BIOS in the PC world.

At the beginning of the ARM support in the Linux kernel, the hardware variety resulted in the requirement of having a separate kernel for each ARM system in contrast to the one-fits-all kernel for PC systems. As this approach does not scale to a large number of different systems, work was done to allow booting with a single ARM kernel that can run on different ARM systems. Support for newer ARM systems is now implemented in a way that allows the use of such a multiplatform kernel, but for several older systems a separate specific kernel is still required. Because of this, the standard Debian distribution only supports installation on a selected number of such older ARM systems, alongside the newer systems which are supported by the ARM multiplatform kernels (called armmp) in Debian/armhf.

2.1.4. Platforme understøttet af Debian/armhf

De følgende systemer er kendt for at fungere med Debian/armhf via flerplatformskernen (armmp):

Freescale MX53 Quick Start Board (MX53 LOCO Board)

IMX53QSB er et udviklingskort baseret på i.MX53 SoC.

Versatile Express

Versatile Express er en serie udviklingskort fra ARM, der består af et basisbundkort, som kan udstyres med diverse CPU-datterbundkort.

Bestemte Allwinner sunXi-baserede udviklingskort og indlejrede systemer

Armmp-kernen understøtter flere udviklingskort og indlejrede systemer baseret på Allwinner A10 (arkitekturkodenavn sun4i), A10s/A30 (arkitekturkodenavn sun5i) og A20 (arkitekturkodenavn sun7i) SoCs. Fuld installationsunderstøttelse er i øjeblikket tilgængelig for de følgende sunXi-baserede systemer:

  • Cubietech Cubieboard 1 + 2 / Cubietruck

  • LeMaker Banana Pi og Banana Pro

  • LinkSprite pcDuino and pcDuino3

  • Mele A1000

  • Miniand Hackberry

  • Olimex A10-Olinuxino-LIME / A10s-Olinuxino Micro / A13-Olinuxino / A13-Olinuxino Micro / A20-Olinuxino-LIME / A20-Olinuxino-LIME2 / A20-Olinuxino Micro

  • PineRiver Mini X-Plus

System support for Allwinner sunXi-based devices is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel. The android-derived linux-sunxi.org 3.4 kernel series is not supported by Debian.

Hovedlinjen for Linuxkernen understøtter seriel konsol, ethernet, SATA, USB og MMC/SD-kort på Allwinner A10, A10s/A13 og A20 SOC'er, men har ikke en standarddriver for skærmen (HDMI/VGA/LCD) og lydudstyr i disse SoC'er. NAND-flashhukommelse, som er indbygget i nogle sunXi-baserede systemer, er ikke understøttet.

Using a local display is technically possible without native display drivers via the simplefb infrastructure in the mainline kernel, which relies on the U-Boot bootloader for initialising the display hardware.

NVIDIA Jetson TK1

The NVIDIA Jetson TK1 is a developer board based on the Tegra K1 chip (also known as Tegra 124). The Tegra K1 features a quad-core 32-bit ARM Cortex-A15 CPU and Kepler GPU (GK20A) with 192 CUDA cores. Other systems based on the Tegra 124 may work, too.

Seagate Personal Cloud and Seagate NAS

The Seagate Personal Cloud and Seagate NAS are NAS devices based on Marvell's Armada 370 platform. Debian supports the Personal Cloud (SRN21C), Personal Cloud 2-Bay (SRN22C), Seagate NAS 2-Bay (SRPD20) and Seagate NAS 4-Bay (SRPD40).

SolidRun Cubox-i2eX / Cubox-i4Pro

The Cubox-i series is a set of small, cubical-shaped systems based on the Freescale i.MX6 SoC family. System support for the Cubox-i series is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel; the Freescale 3.0 kernel series for the Cubox-i is not supported by Debian. Available drivers in the mainline kernel include serial console, ethernet, USB, MMC/SD-card and display support over HDMI (console and X11). In addition to that, the eSATA port on the Cubox-i4Pro is supported.

Wandboard Quad

The Wandboard Quad is a development board based on the Freescale i.MX6 Quad SoC. System support for it is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel; the wandboard-specific 3.0 and 3.10 kernel series from wandboard.org are not supported by Debian. The mainline kernel includes driver support for serial console, display via HDMI (console and X11), ethernet, USB, MMC/SD and SATA. Support for the onboard audio options (analog, S/PDIF, HDMI-Audio) and for the onboard WLAN/Bluetooth module is not available in Debian 8.

Generally, the ARM multiplatform support in the Linux kernel allows running debian-installer on armhf systems not explicitly listed above, as long as the kernel used by debian-installer has support for the target system's components and a device-tree file for the target is available. In these cases, the installer can usually provide a working installation, but it may not be able to automatically make the system bootable. Doing that in many cases requires device-specific information.

When using debian-installer on such systems, you may have to manually make the system bootable at the end of the installation, e.g. by running the required commands in a shell started from within debian-installer.

2.1.5. Platforme der ikke længere understøttes af Debian/armhf

EfikaMX

The EfikaMX platform (Genesi Efika Smartbook and Genesi EfikaMX nettop) was supported in Debian 7 with a platform-specific kernel, but is no longer supported from Debian 8 onwards. The code required to build the formerly used platform-specific kernel has been removed from the upstream Linux kernel source in 2012, so Debian cannot provide newer builds. Using the armmp multiplatform kernel on the EfikaMX platform would require device-tree support for it, which is currently not available.

2.1.6. Flere processorer

Understøttelse af flere processorer — også kaldt symmetrisk flerbehandling eller SMP — er tilgængelig for denne arkitektur. Standard Debian 9-kerneaftrykket er blevet kompileret med understøttelse for SMP-alternativer. Dette betyder at kernen vil detektere antallet af processorer (eller processorkerner) og automatisk vil deaktivere SMP på systemer med en processor.

Det at have flere processorer i en computer var tidligere kun en problemstilling for serversystemer i den dyre ende, men er blevet mere udbredt de seneste år næsten overalt med introduktionen af såkaldte flerkerne-processorer. Disse indeholder to eller flere processorenheder, kaldt kerner, i en fysisk chip.

2.1.7. Graphics Hardware Support

Debian's support for graphical interfaces is determined by the underlying support found in X.Org's X11 system, and the kernel. Basic framebuffer graphics is provided by the kernel, whilst desktop environments use X11. Whether advanced graphics card features such as 3D-hardware acceleration or hardware-accelerated video are available, depends on the actual graphics hardware used in the system and in some cases on the installation of additional firmware images (see Afsnit 2.2, “Enheder som kræver firmware”).

Nearly all ARM machines have the graphics hardware built-in, rather than being on a plug-in card. Some machines do have expansion slots which will take graphics cards, but that is a rarity. Hardware designed to be headless with no graphics at all is quite common. Whilst basic framebuffer video provided by the kernel should work on all devices that have graphics, fast 3D graphics invariably needs binary drivers to work. The situation is changing quickly but at the time of the stretch release free drivers for nouveau (Nvidia Tegra K1 SoC) and freedreno (Qualcomm Snapdragon SoCs) are available in the release. Other hardware needs non-free drivers from 3rd parties.

Details on supported graphics hardware and pointing devices can be found at http://xorg.freedesktop.org/. Debian 9 ships with X.Org version 7.7.

2.1.8. Udstry for netværksforbindelse

Næsten alle netværksgrænsefladekort (NIC) understøttet af Linux-kernen bør også være understøttet af installationssystemet; drivere bliver normalt indlæst automatisk.

32-bit hard-float ARMv7, er de fleste indbyggede Ethernet-enheder understøttet og moduler for yderligere PCI- og USB-enheder tilbydes.

2.1.9. Ekstraudstyr

Linux understøtter en bred vifte af udstyr såsom mus, printere, skannere, PCMCIA/CardBus/ExpressCard- og USB-enheder. De fleste af dette udstyr er dog ikke krævet under installation af systemet.