/*
 * Copyright 2014 The Netty Project
 *
 * The Netty Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License,
 * version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
 *
 *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
 * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
 * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
 * under the License.
 */

/*
 * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
 * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
 * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
 */

package io.netty.util.internal;

import io.netty.util.internal.logging.InternalLogger;
import io.netty.util.internal.logging.InternalLoggerFactory;

import java.lang.Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;

/**
 * A random number generator isolated to the current thread.  Like the
 * global {@link java.util.Random} generator used by the {@link
 * java.lang.Math} class, a {@code ThreadLocalRandom} is initialized
 * with an internally generated seed that may not otherwise be
 * modified. When applicable, use of {@code ThreadLocalRandom} rather
 * than shared {@code Random} objects in concurrent programs will
 * typically encounter much less overhead and contention.  Use of
 * {@code ThreadLocalRandom} is particularly appropriate when multiple
 * tasks (for example, each a {@link io.netty.util.internal.chmv8.ForkJoinTask}) use random numbers
 * in parallel in thread pools.
 *
 * <p>Usages of this class should typically be of the form:
 * {@code ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextX(...)} (where
 * {@code X} is {@code Int}, {@code Long}, etc).
 * When all usages are of this form, it is never possible to
 * accidently share a {@code ThreadLocalRandom} across multiple threads.
 *
 * <p>This class also provides additional commonly used bounded random
 * generation methods.
 *
 * //since 1.7
 * //author Doug Lea
 */
@SuppressWarnings("all")
public final class ThreadLocalRandom extends Random {

    private static final InternalLogger logger = InternalLoggerFactory.getInstance(ThreadLocalRandom.class);

    private static final AtomicLong seedUniquifier = new AtomicLong();

    private static volatile long initialSeedUniquifier;

    public static void setInitialSeedUniquifier(long initialSeedUniquifier) {
        ThreadLocalRandom.initialSeedUniquifier = initialSeedUniquifier;
    }

    public static synchronized long getInitialSeedUniquifier() {
        // Use the value set via the setter.
        long initialSeedUniquifier = ThreadLocalRandom.initialSeedUniquifier;
        if (initialSeedUniquifier == 0) {
            // Use the system property value.
            ThreadLocalRandom.initialSeedUniquifier = initialSeedUniquifier =
                    SystemPropertyUtil.getLong("io.netty.initialSeedUniquifier", 0);
        }

        // Otherwise, generate one.
        if (initialSeedUniquifier == 0) {
            boolean secureRandom = AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Boolean>() {
                @Override
                public Boolean run() {
                    return SystemPropertyUtil.getBoolean("java.util.secureRandomSeed", false);
                }
            });

            if (secureRandom) {
                // Try to generate a real random number from /dev/random.
                // Get from a different thread to avoid blocking indefinitely on a machine without much entropy.
                final BlockingQueue<Long> queue = new LinkedBlockingQueue<Long>();
                Thread generatorThread = new Thread("initialSeedUniquifierGenerator") {
                    @Override
                    public void run() {
                        SecureRandom random = new SecureRandom(); // Get the real random seed from /dev/random
                        final byte[] seed = random.generateSeed(8);
                        long s = ((long) seed[0] & 0xff) << 56 |
                                ((long) seed[1] & 0xff) << 48 |
                                ((long) seed[2] & 0xff) << 40 |
                                ((long) seed[3] & 0xff) << 32 |
                                ((long) seed[4] & 0xff) << 24 |
                                ((long) seed[5] & 0xff) << 16 |
                                ((long) seed[6] & 0xff) <<  8 |
                                (long) seed[7] & 0xff;
                        queue.add(s);
                    }
                };
                generatorThread.setDaemon(true);
                generatorThread.start();
                generatorThread.setUncaughtExceptionHandler(new UncaughtExceptionHandler() {
                    @Override
                    public void uncaughtException(Thread t, Throwable e) {
                        logger.debug("An exception has been raised by {}", t.getName(), e);
                    }
                });

                // Get the random seed from the thread with timeout.
                final long timeoutSeconds = 3;
                final long deadLine = System.nanoTime() + TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(timeoutSeconds);
                boolean interrupted = false;
                for (;;) {
                    long waitTime = deadLine - System.nanoTime();
                    if (waitTime <= 0) {
                        generatorThread.interrupt();
                        logger.warn(
                                "Failed to generate a seed from SecureRandom within {} seconds. " +
                                        "Not enough entrophy?", timeoutSeconds
                        );
                        break;
                    }

                    try {
                        Long seed = queue.poll(waitTime, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
                        if (seed != null) {
                            initialSeedUniquifier = seed;
                            break;
                        }
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        interrupted = true;
                        logger.warn("Failed to generate a seed from SecureRandom due to an InterruptedException.");
                        break;
                    }
                }

                // Just in case the initialSeedUniquifier is zero or some other constant
                initialSeedUniquifier ^= 0x3255ecdc33bae119L; // just a meaningless random number
                initialSeedUniquifier ^= Long.reverse(System.nanoTime());

                if (interrupted) {
                    // Restore the interrupt status because we don't know how to/don't need to handle it here.
                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();

                    // Interrupt the generator thread if it's still running,
                    // in the hope that the SecureRandom provider raises an exception on interruption.
                    generatorThread.interrupt();
                }
            } else {
                initialSeedUniquifier = mix64(System.currentTimeMillis()) ^ mix64(System.nanoTime());
            }
            ThreadLocalRandom.initialSeedUniquifier = initialSeedUniquifier;
        }

        return initialSeedUniquifier;
    }

    private static long newSeed() {
        final long startTime = System.nanoTime();
        for (;;) {
            final long current = seedUniquifier.get();
            final long actualCurrent = current != 0? current : getInitialSeedUniquifier();

            // L'Ecuyer, "Tables of Linear Congruential Generators of Different Sizes and Good Lattice Structure", 1999
            final long next = actualCurrent * 181783497276652981L;

            if (seedUniquifier.compareAndSet(current, next)) {
                if (current == 0 && logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                    logger.debug(String.format(
                            "-Dio.netty.initialSeedUniquifier: 0x%016x (took %d ms)",
                            actualCurrent, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(System.nanoTime() - startTime)));
                }
                return next ^ System.nanoTime();
            }
        }
    }

    // Borrowed from
    // http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/jsr166/src/main/java/util/concurrent/ThreadLocalRandom.java
    private static long mix64(long z) {
        z = (z ^ (z >>> 33)) * 0xff51afd7ed558ccdL;
        z = (z ^ (z >>> 33)) * 0xc4ceb9fe1a85ec53L;
        return z ^ (z >>> 33);
    }

    // same constants as Random, but must be redeclared because private
    private static final long multiplier = 0x5DEECE66DL;
    private static final long addend = 0xBL;
    private static final long mask = (1L << 48) - 1;

    /**
     * The random seed. We can't use super.seed.
     */
    private long rnd;

    /**
     * Initialization flag to permit calls to setSeed to succeed only
     * while executing the Random constructor.  We can't allow others
     * since it would cause setting seed in one part of a program to
     * unintentionally impact other usages by the thread.
     */
    boolean initialized;

    // Padding to help avoid memory contention among seed updates in
    // different TLRs in the common case that they are located near
    // each other.
    private long pad0, pad1, pad2, pad3, pad4, pad5, pad6, pad7;

    /**
     * Constructor called only by localRandom.initialValue.
     */
    ThreadLocalRandom() {
        super(newSeed());
        initialized = true;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the current thread's {@code ThreadLocalRandom}.
     *
     * @return the current thread's {@code ThreadLocalRandom}
     */
    public static ThreadLocalRandom current() {
        return InternalThreadLocalMap.get().random();
    }

    /**
     * Throws {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.  Setting seeds in
     * this generator is not supported.
     *
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException always
     */
    public void setSeed(long seed) {
        if (initialized) {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
        rnd = (seed ^ multiplier) & mask;
    }

    protected int next(int bits) {
        rnd = (rnd * multiplier + addend) & mask;
        return (int) (rnd >>> (48 - bits));
    }

    /**
     * Returns a pseudorandom, uniformly distributed value between the
     * given least value (inclusive) and bound (exclusive).
     *
     * @param least the least value returned
     * @param bound the upper bound (exclusive)
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if least greater than or equal
     * to bound
     * @return the next value
     */
    public int nextInt(int least, int bound) {
        if (least >= bound) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }
        return nextInt(bound - least) + least;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a pseudorandom, uniformly distributed value
     * between 0 (inclusive) and the specified value (exclusive).
     *
     * @param n the bound on the random number to be returned.  Must be
     *        positive.
     * @return the next value
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if n is not positive
     */
    public long nextLong(long n) {
        if (n <= 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("n must be positive");
        }

        // Divide n by two until small enough for nextInt. On each
        // iteration (at most 31 of them but usually much less),
        // randomly choose both whether to include high bit in result
        // (offset) and whether to continue with the lower vs upper
        // half (which makes a difference only if odd).
        long offset = 0;
        while (n >= Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
            int bits = next(2);
            long half = n >>> 1;
            long nextn = ((bits & 2) == 0) ? half : n - half;
            if ((bits & 1) == 0) {
                offset += n - nextn;
            }
            n = nextn;
        }
        return offset + nextInt((int) n);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a pseudorandom, uniformly distributed value between the
     * given least value (inclusive) and bound (exclusive).
     *
     * @param least the least value returned
     * @param bound the upper bound (exclusive)
     * @return the next value
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if least greater than or equal
     * to bound
     */
    public long nextLong(long least, long bound) {
        if (least >= bound) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }
        return nextLong(bound - least) + least;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a pseudorandom, uniformly distributed {@code double} value
     * between 0 (inclusive) and the specified value (exclusive).
     *
     * @param n the bound on the random number to be returned.  Must be
     *        positive.
     * @return the next value
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if n is not positive
     */
    public double nextDouble(double n) {
        if (n <= 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("n must be positive");
        }
        return nextDouble() * n;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a pseudorandom, uniformly distributed value between the
     * given least value (inclusive) and bound (exclusive).
     *
     * @param least the least value returned
     * @param bound the upper bound (exclusive)
     * @return the next value
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if least greater than or equal
     * to bound
     */
    public double nextDouble(double least, double bound) {
        if (least >= bound) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }
        return nextDouble() * (bound - least) + least;
    }

    private static final long serialVersionUID = -5851777807851030925L;
}
