/*
 * Copyright 2002-2015 the original author or authors.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package org.springframework.validation;

import java.beans.PropertyEditor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Optional;

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;

import org.springframework.beans.ConfigurablePropertyAccessor;
import org.springframework.beans.MutablePropertyValues;
import org.springframework.beans.PropertyAccessException;
import org.springframework.beans.PropertyAccessorUtils;
import org.springframework.beans.PropertyBatchUpdateException;
import org.springframework.beans.PropertyEditorRegistry;
import org.springframework.beans.PropertyValue;
import org.springframework.beans.PropertyValues;
import org.springframework.beans.SimpleTypeConverter;
import org.springframework.beans.TypeConverter;
import org.springframework.beans.TypeMismatchException;
import org.springframework.core.MethodParameter;
import org.springframework.core.convert.ConversionService;
import org.springframework.format.Formatter;
import org.springframework.format.support.FormatterPropertyEditorAdapter;
import org.springframework.lang.UsesJava8;
import org.springframework.util.Assert;
import org.springframework.util.ClassUtils;
import org.springframework.util.ObjectUtils;
import org.springframework.util.PatternMatchUtils;
import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;

/**
 * Binder that allows for setting property values onto a target object,
 * including support for validation and binding result analysis.
 * The binding process can be customized through specifying allowed fields,
 * required fields, custom editors, etc.
 *
 * <p>Note that there are potential security implications in failing to set an array
 * of allowed fields. In the case of HTTP form POST data for example, malicious clients
 * can attempt to subvert an application by supplying values for fields or properties
 * that do not exist on the form. In some cases this could lead to illegal data being
 * set on command objects <i>or their nested objects</i>. For this reason, it is
 * <b>highly recommended to specify the {@link #setAllowedFields allowedFields} property</b>
 * on the DataBinder.
 *
 * <p>The binding results can be examined via the {@link BindingResult} interface,
 * extending the {@link Errors} interface: see the {@link #getBindingResult()} method.
 * Missing fields and property access exceptions will be converted to {@link FieldError FieldErrors},
 * collected in the Errors instance, using the following error codes:
 *
 * <ul>
 * <li>Missing field error: "required"
 * <li>Type mismatch error: "typeMismatch"
 * <li>Method invocation error: "methodInvocation"
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>By default, binding errors get resolved through the {@link BindingErrorProcessor}
 * strategy, processing for missing fields and property access exceptions: see the
 * {@link #setBindingErrorProcessor} method. You can override the default strategy
 * if needed, for example to generate different error codes.
 *
 * <p>Custom validation errors can be added afterwards. You will typically want to resolve
 * such error codes into proper user-visible error messages; this can be achieved through
 * resolving each error via a {@link org.springframework.context.MessageSource}, which is
 * able to resolve an {@link ObjectError}/{@link FieldError} through its
 * {@link org.springframework.context.MessageSource#getMessage(org.springframework.context.MessageSourceResolvable, java.util.Locale)}
 * method. The list of message codes can be customized through the {@link MessageCodesResolver}
 * strategy: see the {@link #setMessageCodesResolver} method. {@link DefaultMessageCodesResolver}'s
 * javadoc states details on the default resolution rules.
 *
 * <p>This generic data binder can be used in any kind of environment.
 * It is typically used by Spring web MVC controllers, via the web-specific
 * subclasses {@link org.springframework.web.bind.ServletRequestDataBinder}
 * and {@link org.springframework.web.portlet.bind.PortletRequestDataBinder}.
 *
 * @author Rod Johnson
 * @author Juergen Hoeller
 * @author Rob Harrop
 * @author Stephane Nicoll
 * @see #setAllowedFields
 * @see #setRequiredFields
 * @see #registerCustomEditor
 * @see #setMessageCodesResolver
 * @see #setBindingErrorProcessor
 * @see #bind
 * @see #getBindingResult
 * @see DefaultMessageCodesResolver
 * @see DefaultBindingErrorProcessor
 * @see org.springframework.context.MessageSource
 * @see org.springframework.web.bind.ServletRequestDataBinder
 */
public class DataBinder implements PropertyEditorRegistry, TypeConverter {

	/** Default object name used for binding: "target" */
	public static final String DEFAULT_OBJECT_NAME = "target";

	/** Default limit for array and collection growing: 256 */
	public static final int DEFAULT_AUTO_GROW_COLLECTION_LIMIT = 256;


	/**
	 * We'll create a lot of DataBinder instances: Let's use a static logger.
	 */
	protected static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(DataBinder.class);

	private static Class<?> javaUtilOptionalClass = null;

	static {
		try {
			javaUtilOptionalClass =
					ClassUtils.forName("java.util.Optional", DataBinder.class.getClassLoader());
		}
		catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
			// Java 8 not available - Optional references simply not supported then.
		}
	}


	private final Object target;

	private final String objectName;

	private AbstractPropertyBindingResult bindingResult;

	private SimpleTypeConverter typeConverter;

	private boolean ignoreUnknownFields = true;

	private boolean ignoreInvalidFields = false;

	private boolean autoGrowNestedPaths = true;

	private int autoGrowCollectionLimit = DEFAULT_AUTO_GROW_COLLECTION_LIMIT;

	private String[] allowedFields;

	private String[] disallowedFields;

	private String[] requiredFields;

	private BindingErrorProcessor bindingErrorProcessor = new DefaultBindingErrorProcessor();

	private final List<Validator> validators = new ArrayList<Validator>();

	private ConversionService conversionService;


	/**
	 * Create a new DataBinder instance, with default object name.
	 * @param target the target object to bind onto (or {@code null}
	 * if the binder is just used to convert a plain parameter value)
	 * @see #DEFAULT_OBJECT_NAME
	 */
	public DataBinder(Object target) {
		this(target, DEFAULT_OBJECT_NAME);
	}

	/**
	 * Create a new DataBinder instance.
	 * @param target the target object to bind onto (or {@code null}
	 * if the binder is just used to convert a plain parameter value)
	 * @param objectName the name of the target object
	 */
	public DataBinder(Object target, String objectName) {
		if (target != null && target.getClass() == javaUtilOptionalClass) {
			this.target = OptionalUnwrapper.unwrap(target);
		}
		else {
			this.target = target;
		}
		this.objectName = objectName;
	}


	/**
	 * Return the wrapped target object.
	 */
	public Object getTarget() {
		return this.target;
	}

	/**
	 * Return the name of the bound object.
	 */
	public String getObjectName() {
		return this.objectName;
	}

	/**
	 * Set whether this binder should attempt to "auto-grow" a nested path that contains a null value.
	 * <p>If "true", a null path location will be populated with a default object value and traversed
	 * instead of resulting in an exception. This flag also enables auto-growth of collection elements
	 * when accessing an out-of-bounds index.
	 * <p>Default is "true" on a standard DataBinder. Note that since Spring 4.1 this feature is supported
	 * for bean property access (DataBinder's default mode) and field access.
	 * @see #initBeanPropertyAccess()
	 * @see org.springframework.beans.BeanWrapper#setAutoGrowNestedPaths
	 */
	public void setAutoGrowNestedPaths(boolean autoGrowNestedPaths) {
		Assert.state(this.bindingResult == null,
				"DataBinder is already initialized - call setAutoGrowNestedPaths before other configuration methods");
		this.autoGrowNestedPaths = autoGrowNestedPaths;
	}

	/**
	 * Return whether "auto-growing" of nested paths has been activated.
	 */
	public boolean isAutoGrowNestedPaths() {
		return this.autoGrowNestedPaths;
	}

	/**
	 * Specify the limit for array and collection auto-growing.
	 * <p>Default is 256, preventing OutOfMemoryErrors in case of large indexes.
	 * Raise this limit if your auto-growing needs are unusually high.
	 */
	public void setAutoGrowCollectionLimit(int autoGrowCollectionLimit) {
		this.autoGrowCollectionLimit = autoGrowCollectionLimit;
	}

	/**
	 * Return the current limit for array and collection auto-growing.
	 */
	public int getAutoGrowCollectionLimit() {
		return this.autoGrowCollectionLimit;
	}

	/**
	 * Initialize standard JavaBean property access for this DataBinder.
	 * <p>This is the default; an explicit call just leads to eager initialization.
	 * @see #initDirectFieldAccess()
	 * @see #createBeanPropertyBindingResult()
	 */
	public void initBeanPropertyAccess() {
		Assert.state(this.bindingResult == null,
				"DataBinder is already initialized - call initBeanPropertyAccess before other configuration methods");
		this.bindingResult = createBeanPropertyBindingResult();
	}

	/**
	 * Create the {@link AbstractPropertyBindingResult} instance using standard
	 * JavaBean property access.
	 * @since 4.2.1
	 */
	protected AbstractPropertyBindingResult createBeanPropertyBindingResult() {
		BeanPropertyBindingResult result = new BeanPropertyBindingResult(getTarget(),
				getObjectName(), isAutoGrowNestedPaths(), getAutoGrowCollectionLimit());
		if (this.conversionService != null) {
			result.initConversion(this.conversionService);
		}
		return result;
	}

	/**
	 * Initialize direct field access for this DataBinder,
	 * as alternative to the default bean property access.
	 * @see #initBeanPropertyAccess()
	 * @see #createDirectFieldBindingResult()
	 */
	public void initDirectFieldAccess() {
		Assert.state(this.bindingResult == null,
				"DataBinder is already initialized - call initDirectFieldAccess before other configuration methods");
		this.bindingResult = createDirectFieldBindingResult();
	}

	/**
	 * Create the {@link AbstractPropertyBindingResult} instance using direct
	 * field access.
	 * @since 4.2.1
	 */
	protected AbstractPropertyBindingResult createDirectFieldBindingResult() {
		DirectFieldBindingResult result = new DirectFieldBindingResult(getTarget(),
				getObjectName(), isAutoGrowNestedPaths());
		if (this.conversionService != null) {
			result.initConversion(this.conversionService);
		}
		return result;
	}

	/**
	 * Return the internal BindingResult held by this DataBinder,
	 * as an AbstractPropertyBindingResult.
	 */
	protected AbstractPropertyBindingResult getInternalBindingResult() {
		if (this.bindingResult == null) {
			initBeanPropertyAccess();
		}
		return this.bindingResult;
	}

	/**
	 * Return the underlying PropertyAccessor of this binder's BindingResult.
	 */
	protected ConfigurablePropertyAccessor getPropertyAccessor() {
		return getInternalBindingResult().getPropertyAccessor();
	}

	/**
	 * Return this binder's underlying SimpleTypeConverter.
	 */
	protected SimpleTypeConverter getSimpleTypeConverter() {
		if (this.typeConverter == null) {
			this.typeConverter = new SimpleTypeConverter();
			if (this.conversionService != null) {
				this.typeConverter.setConversionService(this.conversionService);
			}
		}
		return this.typeConverter;
	}

	/**
	 * Return the underlying TypeConverter of this binder's BindingResult.
	 */
	protected PropertyEditorRegistry getPropertyEditorRegistry() {
		if (getTarget() != null) {
			return getInternalBindingResult().getPropertyAccessor();
		}
		else {
			return getSimpleTypeConverter();
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Return the underlying TypeConverter of this binder's BindingResult.
	 */
	protected TypeConverter getTypeConverter() {
		if (getTarget() != null) {
			return getInternalBindingResult().getPropertyAccessor();
		}
		else {
			return getSimpleTypeConverter();
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Return the BindingResult instance created by this DataBinder.
	 * This allows for convenient access to the binding results after
	 * a bind operation.
	 * @return the BindingResult instance, to be treated as BindingResult
	 * or as Errors instance (Errors is a super-interface of BindingResult)
	 * @see Errors
	 * @see #bind
	 */
	public BindingResult getBindingResult() {
		return getInternalBindingResult();
	}


	/**
	 * Set whether to ignore unknown fields, that is, whether to ignore bind
	 * parameters that do not have corresponding fields in the target object.
	 * <p>Default is "true". Turn this off to enforce that all bind parameters
	 * must have a matching field in the target object.
	 * <p>Note that this setting only applies to <i>binding</i> operations
	 * on this DataBinder, not to <i>retrieving</i> values via its
	 * {@link #getBindingResult() BindingResult}.
	 * @see #bind
	 */
	public void setIgnoreUnknownFields(boolean ignoreUnknownFields) {
		this.ignoreUnknownFields = ignoreUnknownFields;
	}

	/**
	 * Return whether to ignore unknown fields when binding.
	 */
	public boolean isIgnoreUnknownFields() {
		return this.ignoreUnknownFields;
	}

	/**
	 * Set whether to ignore invalid fields, that is, whether to ignore bind
	 * parameters that have corresponding fields in the target object which are
	 * not accessible (for example because of null values in the nested path).
	 * <p>Default is "false". Turn this on to ignore bind parameters for
	 * nested objects in non-existing parts of the target object graph.
	 * <p>Note that this setting only applies to <i>binding</i> operations
	 * on this DataBinder, not to <i>retrieving</i> values via its
	 * {@link #getBindingResult() BindingResult}.
	 * @see #bind
	 */
	public void setIgnoreInvalidFields(boolean ignoreInvalidFields) {
		this.ignoreInvalidFields = ignoreInvalidFields;
	}

	/**
	 * Return whether to ignore invalid fields when binding.
	 */
	public boolean isIgnoreInvalidFields() {
		return this.ignoreInvalidFields;
	}

	/**
	 * Register fields that should be allowed for binding. Default is all
	 * fields. Restrict this for example to avoid unwanted modifications
	 * by malicious users when binding HTTP request parameters.
	 * <p>Supports "xxx*", "*xxx" and "*xxx*" patterns. More sophisticated matching
	 * can be implemented by overriding the {@code isAllowed} method.
	 * <p>Alternatively, specify a list of <i>disallowed</i> fields.
	 * @param allowedFields array of field names
	 * @see #setDisallowedFields
	 * @see #isAllowed(String)
	 * @see org.springframework.web.bind.ServletRequestDataBinder
	 */
	public void setAllowedFields(String... allowedFields) {
		this.allowedFields = PropertyAccessorUtils.canonicalPropertyNames(allowedFields);
	}

	/**
	 * Return the fields that should be allowed for binding.
	 * @return array of field names
	 */
	public String[] getAllowedFields() {
		return this.allowedFields;
	}

	/**
	 * Register fields that should <i>not</i> be allowed for binding. Default is none.
	 * Mark fields as disallowed for example to avoid unwanted modifications
	 * by malicious users when binding HTTP request parameters.
	 * <p>Supports "xxx*", "*xxx" and "*xxx*" patterns. More sophisticated matching
	 * can be implemented by overriding the {@code isAllowed} method.
	 * <p>Alternatively, specify a list of <i>allowed</i> fields.
	 * @param disallowedFields array of field names
	 * @see #setAllowedFields
	 * @see #isAllowed(String)
	 * @see org.springframework.web.bind.ServletRequestDataBinder
	 */
	public void setDisallowedFields(String... disallowedFields) {
		this.disallowedFields = PropertyAccessorUtils.canonicalPropertyNames(disallowedFields);
	}

	/**
	 * Return the fields that should <i>not</i> be allowed for binding.
	 * @return array of field names
	 */
	public String[] getDisallowedFields() {
		return this.disallowedFields;
	}

	/**
	 * Register fields that are required for each binding process.
	 * <p>If one of the specified fields is not contained in the list of
	 * incoming property values, a corresponding "missing field" error
	 * will be created, with error code "required" (by the default
	 * binding error processor).
	 * @param requiredFields array of field names
	 * @see #setBindingErrorProcessor
	 * @see DefaultBindingErrorProcessor#MISSING_FIELD_ERROR_CODE
	 */
	public void setRequiredFields(String... requiredFields) {
		this.requiredFields = PropertyAccessorUtils.canonicalPropertyNames(requiredFields);
		if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
			logger.debug("DataBinder requires binding of required fields [" +
					StringUtils.arrayToCommaDelimitedString(requiredFields) + "]");
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Return the fields that are required for each binding process.
	 * @return array of field names
	 */
	public String[] getRequiredFields() {
		return this.requiredFields;
	}

	/**
	 * Set whether to extract the old field value when applying a
	 * property editor to a new value for a field.
	 * <p>Default is "true", exposing previous field values to custom editors.
	 * Turn this to "false" to avoid side effects caused by getters.
	 */
	public void setExtractOldValueForEditor(boolean extractOldValueForEditor) {
		getPropertyAccessor().setExtractOldValueForEditor(extractOldValueForEditor);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the strategy to use for resolving errors into message codes.
	 * Applies the given strategy to the underlying errors holder.
	 * <p>Default is a DefaultMessageCodesResolver.
	 * @see BeanPropertyBindingResult#setMessageCodesResolver
	 * @see DefaultMessageCodesResolver
	 */
	public void setMessageCodesResolver(MessageCodesResolver messageCodesResolver) {
		getInternalBindingResult().setMessageCodesResolver(messageCodesResolver);
	}

	/**
	 * Set the strategy to use for processing binding errors, that is,
	 * required field errors and {@code PropertyAccessException}s.
	 * <p>Default is a DefaultBindingErrorProcessor.
	 * @see DefaultBindingErrorProcessor
	 */
	public void setBindingErrorProcessor(BindingErrorProcessor bindingErrorProcessor) {
		Assert.notNull(bindingErrorProcessor, "BindingErrorProcessor must not be null");
		this.bindingErrorProcessor = bindingErrorProcessor;
	}

	/**
	 * Return the strategy for processing binding errors.
	 */
	public BindingErrorProcessor getBindingErrorProcessor() {
		return this.bindingErrorProcessor;
	}

	/**
	 * Set the Validator to apply after each binding step.
	 * @see #addValidators(Validator...)
	 * @see #replaceValidators(Validator...)
	 */
	public void setValidator(Validator validator) {
		assertValidators(validator);
		this.validators.clear();
		this.validators.add(validator);
	}

	private void assertValidators(Validator... validators) {
		Assert.notNull(validators, "Validators required");
		for (Validator validator : validators) {
			if (validator != null && (getTarget() != null && !validator.supports(getTarget().getClass()))) {
				throw new IllegalStateException("Invalid target for Validator [" + validator + "]: " + getTarget());
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Add Validators to apply after each binding step.
	 * @see #setValidator(Validator)
	 * @see #replaceValidators(Validator...)
	 */
	public void addValidators(Validator... validators) {
		assertValidators(validators);
		this.validators.addAll(Arrays.asList(validators));
	}

	/**
	 * Replace the Validators to apply after each binding step.
	 * @see #setValidator(Validator)
	 * @see #addValidators(Validator...)
	 */
	public void replaceValidators(Validator... validators) {
		assertValidators(validators);
		this.validators.clear();
		this.validators.addAll(Arrays.asList(validators));
	}

	/**
	 * Return the primary Validator to apply after each binding step, if any.
	 */
	public Validator getValidator() {
		return (this.validators.size() > 0 ? this.validators.get(0) : null);
	}

	/**
	 * Return the Validators to apply after data binding.
	 */
	public List<Validator> getValidators() {
		return Collections.unmodifiableList(this.validators);
	}


	//---------------------------------------------------------------------
	// Implementation of PropertyEditorRegistry/TypeConverter interface
	//---------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Specify a Spring 3.0 ConversionService to use for converting
	 * property values, as an alternative to JavaBeans PropertyEditors.
	 */
	public void setConversionService(ConversionService conversionService) {
		Assert.state(this.conversionService == null, "DataBinder is already initialized with ConversionService");
		this.conversionService = conversionService;
		if (this.bindingResult != null && conversionService != null) {
			this.bindingResult.initConversion(conversionService);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Return the associated ConversionService, if any.
	 */
	public ConversionService getConversionService() {
		return this.conversionService;
	}

	/**
	 * Add a custom formatter, applying it to all fields matching the
	 * {@link Formatter}-declared type.
	 * <p>Registers a corresponding {@link PropertyEditor} adapter underneath the covers.
	 * @param formatter the formatter to add, generically declared for a specific type
	 * @since 4.2
	 * @see #registerCustomEditor(Class, PropertyEditor)
	 */
	public void addCustomFormatter(Formatter<?> formatter) {
		FormatterPropertyEditorAdapter adapter = new FormatterPropertyEditorAdapter(formatter);
		getPropertyEditorRegistry().registerCustomEditor(adapter.getFieldType(), adapter);
	}

	/**
	 * Add a custom formatter for the field type specified in {@link Formatter} class,
	 * applying it to the specified fields only, if any, or otherwise to all fields.
	 * <p>Registers a corresponding {@link PropertyEditor} adapter underneath the covers.
	 * @param formatter the formatter to add, generically declared for a specific type
	 * @param fields the fields to apply the formatter to, or none if to be applied to all
	 * @since 4.2
	 * @see #registerCustomEditor(Class, String, PropertyEditor)
	 */
	public void addCustomFormatter(Formatter<?> formatter, String... fields) {
		FormatterPropertyEditorAdapter adapter = new FormatterPropertyEditorAdapter(formatter);
		Class<?> fieldType = adapter.getFieldType();
		if (ObjectUtils.isEmpty(fields)) {
			getPropertyEditorRegistry().registerCustomEditor(fieldType, adapter);
		}
		else {
			for (String field : fields) {
				getPropertyEditorRegistry().registerCustomEditor(fieldType, field, adapter);
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Add a custom formatter, applying it to the specified field types only, if any,
	 * or otherwise to all fields matching the {@link Formatter}-declared type.
	 * <p>Registers a corresponding {@link PropertyEditor} adapter underneath the covers.
	 * @param formatter the formatter to add (does not need to generically declare a
	 * field type if field types are explicitly specified as parameters)
	 * @param fieldTypes the field types to apply the formatter to, or none if to be
	 * derived from the given {@link Formatter} implementation class
	 * @since 4.2
	 * @see #registerCustomEditor(Class, PropertyEditor)
	 */
	public void addCustomFormatter(Formatter<?> formatter, Class<?>... fieldTypes) {
		FormatterPropertyEditorAdapter adapter = new FormatterPropertyEditorAdapter(formatter);
		if (ObjectUtils.isEmpty(fieldTypes)) {
			getPropertyEditorRegistry().registerCustomEditor(adapter.getFieldType(), adapter);
		}
		else {
			for (Class<?> fieldType : fieldTypes) {
				getPropertyEditorRegistry().registerCustomEditor(fieldType, adapter);
			}
		}
	}

	@Override
	public void registerCustomEditor(Class<?> requiredType, PropertyEditor propertyEditor) {
		getPropertyEditorRegistry().registerCustomEditor(requiredType, propertyEditor);
	}

	@Override
	public void registerCustomEditor(Class<?> requiredType, String field, PropertyEditor propertyEditor) {
		getPropertyEditorRegistry().registerCustomEditor(requiredType, field, propertyEditor);
	}

	@Override
	public PropertyEditor findCustomEditor(Class<?> requiredType, String propertyPath) {
		return getPropertyEditorRegistry().findCustomEditor(requiredType, propertyPath);
	}

	@Override
	public <T> T convertIfNecessary(Object value, Class<T> requiredType) throws TypeMismatchException {
		return getTypeConverter().convertIfNecessary(value, requiredType);
	}

	@Override
	public <T> T convertIfNecessary(Object value, Class<T> requiredType, MethodParameter methodParam)
			throws TypeMismatchException {

		return getTypeConverter().convertIfNecessary(value, requiredType, methodParam);
	}

	@Override
	public <T> T convertIfNecessary(Object value, Class<T> requiredType, Field field)
			throws TypeMismatchException {

		return getTypeConverter().convertIfNecessary(value, requiredType, field);
	}


	/**
	 * Bind the given property values to this binder's target.
	 * <p>This call can create field errors, representing basic binding
	 * errors like a required field (code "required"), or type mismatch
	 * between value and bean property (code "typeMismatch").
	 * <p>Note that the given PropertyValues should be a throwaway instance:
	 * For efficiency, it will be modified to just contain allowed fields if it
	 * implements the MutablePropertyValues interface; else, an internal mutable
	 * copy will be created for this purpose. Pass in a copy of the PropertyValues
	 * if you want your original instance to stay unmodified in any case.
	 * @param pvs property values to bind
	 * @see #doBind(org.springframework.beans.MutablePropertyValues)
	 */
	public void bind(PropertyValues pvs) {
		MutablePropertyValues mpvs = (pvs instanceof MutablePropertyValues) ?
				(MutablePropertyValues) pvs : new MutablePropertyValues(pvs);
		doBind(mpvs);
	}

	/**
	 * Actual implementation of the binding process, working with the
	 * passed-in MutablePropertyValues instance.
	 * @param mpvs the property values to bind,
	 * as MutablePropertyValues instance
	 * @see #checkAllowedFields
	 * @see #checkRequiredFields
	 * @see #applyPropertyValues
	 */
	protected void doBind(MutablePropertyValues mpvs) {
		checkAllowedFields(mpvs);
		checkRequiredFields(mpvs);
		applyPropertyValues(mpvs);
	}

	/**
	 * Check the given property values against the allowed fields,
	 * removing values for fields that are not allowed.
	 * @param mpvs the property values to be bound (can be modified)
	 * @see #getAllowedFields
	 * @see #isAllowed(String)
	 */
	protected void checkAllowedFields(MutablePropertyValues mpvs) {
		PropertyValue[] pvs = mpvs.getPropertyValues();
		for (PropertyValue pv : pvs) {
			String field = PropertyAccessorUtils.canonicalPropertyName(pv.getName());
			if (!isAllowed(field)) {
				mpvs.removePropertyValue(pv);
				getBindingResult().recordSuppressedField(field);
				if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
					logger.debug("Field [" + field + "] has been removed from PropertyValues " +
							"and will not be bound, because it has not been found in the list of allowed fields");
				}
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Return if the given field is allowed for binding.
	 * Invoked for each passed-in property value.
	 * <p>The default implementation checks for "xxx*", "*xxx" and "*xxx*" matches,
	 * as well as direct equality, in the specified lists of allowed fields and
	 * disallowed fields. A field matching a disallowed pattern will not be accepted
	 * even if it also happens to match a pattern in the allowed list.
	 * <p>Can be overridden in subclasses.
	 * @param field the field to check
	 * @return if the field is allowed
	 * @see #setAllowedFields
	 * @see #setDisallowedFields
	 * @see org.springframework.util.PatternMatchUtils#simpleMatch(String, String)
	 */
	protected boolean isAllowed(String field) {
		String[] allowed = getAllowedFields();
		String[] disallowed = getDisallowedFields();
		return ((ObjectUtils.isEmpty(allowed) || PatternMatchUtils.simpleMatch(allowed, field)) &&
				(ObjectUtils.isEmpty(disallowed) || !PatternMatchUtils.simpleMatch(disallowed, field)));
	}

	/**
	 * Check the given property values against the required fields,
	 * generating missing field errors where appropriate.
	 * @param mpvs the property values to be bound (can be modified)
	 * @see #getRequiredFields
	 * @see #getBindingErrorProcessor
	 * @see BindingErrorProcessor#processMissingFieldError
	 */
	protected void checkRequiredFields(MutablePropertyValues mpvs) {
		String[] requiredFields = getRequiredFields();
		if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(requiredFields)) {
			Map<String, PropertyValue> propertyValues = new HashMap<String, PropertyValue>();
			PropertyValue[] pvs = mpvs.getPropertyValues();
			for (PropertyValue pv : pvs) {
				String canonicalName = PropertyAccessorUtils.canonicalPropertyName(pv.getName());
				propertyValues.put(canonicalName, pv);
			}
			for (String field : requiredFields) {
				PropertyValue pv = propertyValues.get(field);
				boolean empty = (pv == null || pv.getValue() == null);
				if (!empty) {
					if (pv.getValue() instanceof String) {
						empty = !StringUtils.hasText((String) pv.getValue());
					}
					else if (pv.getValue() instanceof String[]) {
						String[] values = (String[]) pv.getValue();
						empty = (values.length == 0 || !StringUtils.hasText(values[0]));
					}
				}
				if (empty) {
					// Use bind error processor to create FieldError.
					getBindingErrorProcessor().processMissingFieldError(field, getInternalBindingResult());
					// Remove property from property values to bind:
					// It has already caused a field error with a rejected value.
					if (pv != null) {
						mpvs.removePropertyValue(pv);
						propertyValues.remove(field);
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Apply given property values to the target object.
	 * <p>Default implementation applies all of the supplied property
	 * values as bean property values. By default, unknown fields will
	 * be ignored.
	 * @param mpvs the property values to be bound (can be modified)
	 * @see #getTarget
	 * @see #getPropertyAccessor
	 * @see #isIgnoreUnknownFields
	 * @see #getBindingErrorProcessor
	 * @see BindingErrorProcessor#processPropertyAccessException
	 */
	protected void applyPropertyValues(MutablePropertyValues mpvs) {
		try {
			// Bind request parameters onto target object.
			getPropertyAccessor().setPropertyValues(mpvs, isIgnoreUnknownFields(), isIgnoreInvalidFields());
		}
		catch (PropertyBatchUpdateException ex) {
			// Use bind error processor to create FieldErrors.
			for (PropertyAccessException pae : ex.getPropertyAccessExceptions()) {
				getBindingErrorProcessor().processPropertyAccessException(pae, getInternalBindingResult());
			}
		}
	}


	/**
	 * Invoke the specified Validators, if any.
	 * @see #setValidator(Validator)
	 * @see #getBindingResult()
	 */
	public void validate() {
		for (Validator validator : this.validators) {
			validator.validate(getTarget(), getBindingResult());
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Invoke the specified Validators, if any, with the given validation hints.
	 * <p>Note: Validation hints may get ignored by the actual target Validator.
	 * @param validationHints one or more hint objects to be passed to a {@link SmartValidator}
	 * @see #setValidator(Validator)
	 * @see SmartValidator#validate(Object, Errors, Object...)
	 */
	public void validate(Object... validationHints) {
		for (Validator validator : getValidators()) {
			if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(validationHints) && validator instanceof SmartValidator) {
				((SmartValidator) validator).validate(getTarget(), getBindingResult(), validationHints);
			}
			else if (validator != null) {
				validator.validate(getTarget(), getBindingResult());
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Close this DataBinder, which may result in throwing
	 * a BindException if it encountered any errors.
	 * @return the model Map, containing target object and Errors instance
	 * @throws BindException if there were any errors in the bind operation
	 * @see BindingResult#getModel()
	 */
	public Map<?, ?> close() throws BindException {
		if (getBindingResult().hasErrors()) {
			throw new BindException(getBindingResult());
		}
		return getBindingResult().getModel();
	}


	/**
	 * Inner class to avoid a hard dependency on Java 8.
	 */
	@UsesJava8
	private static class OptionalUnwrapper {

		public static Object unwrap(Object optionalObject) {
			Optional<?> optional = (Optional<?>) optionalObject;
			if (!optional.isPresent()) {
				return null;
			}
			Object result = optional.get();
			Assert.isTrue(!(result instanceof Optional), "Multi-level Optional usage not supported");
			return result;
		}
	}

}
