1.6. Ciclo di vita di un rilascio
The project will simultaneously have three to six different versions of each program, named Experimental, Unstable, Testing, Stable, Oldstable, and even Oldoldstable. Each one corresponds to a different phase in development. For a good understanding, let us take a look at a program's journey, from its initial packaging to inclusion in a stable version of Debian.
1.6.1. Lo stato Experimental (sperimentale)
Prima di tutto diamo un'occhiata al particolare caso della distribuzione Experimental: consiste in un gruppo di pacchetti Debian relativi a software in corso di sviluppo, e come dice il nome non necessariamente completato. Non tutto passa attraverso questa fase, alcuni sviluppatori scelgono di aggiungere i pacchetti in questa versione per ottenere un feedback dagli utenti più esperti (o coraggiosi).
Otherwise, this distribution frequently houses important modifications to base packages, whose integration into Unstable with serious bugs would have critical repercussions. It is, thus, a completely isolated distribution, its packages never migrate to another version (except by direct, express intervention of the maintainer or the ftpmasters). It is also not self-contained: only a subset of the existing packages are present in Experimental, and it generally does not include the base system. This distribution is therefore mostly useful in combination with another, self-contained, distribution such as Unstable.
1.6.2. Lo stato Unstable (instabile)
Let us turn back to the case of a typical package. The maintainer creates an initial package, which they compile for the Unstable version and place on the ftp-master.debian.org
server. This first event involves inspection and validation from the ftpmasters. The software is then available in the Unstable distribution, which is the “cutting edge” distribution chosen by users who are more concerned with having up to date packages than worried about serious bugs. They discover the program and then test it.
Se incontrano bug, li segnalano al manutentore del pacchetto. Il manutentore prepara regolarmente versioni corrette, che rende disponibili sul server.
Every newly updated package is updated on all Debian mirrors around the world within six hours. The users then test the corrections and search for other problems resulting from the modifications. Several updates may then occur rapidly. During these times, autobuilder robots come into action. Most frequently, the maintainer has only one traditional PC and has compiled their package on the amd64 (or i386) architecture; the autobuilders take over and automatically compile versions for all the other architectures. Some compilations may fail; the maintainer will then receive a bug report indicating the problem, which is then to be corrected in the next versions. When the bug is discovered by a specialist for the architecture in question, the bug report may come with a patch ready to use.
1.6.3. Migrazione alla Testing (in prova)
Successivamente, il pacchetto sarà maturato; compilato in tutte le architetture, non avrà subito modifiche recenti. Diventa quindi candidato per l'inclusione nella distribuzione Testing: un gruppo di pacchetti della versione Unstable scelti in base ad alcuni criteri quantificabili. Automaticamente ogni giorno un programma seleziona i pacchetti da includere nella Testing, secondo elementi che garantiscono un certo livello di qualità:
mancanza di bug critici, o almeno inferiori rispetto a quelli presenti nella versione attualmente inclusa in Testing;
trascorsi almeno 10 giorni in Unstable, che dovrebbe essere un tempo sufficiente per trovare e segnalare eventuali problemi gravi;
compilazione riuscita su tutte le architetture ufficialmente supportate;
tutte le dipendenze possono essere soddisfatte in Testing o possono almeno esservi trasferite insieme al pacchetto in questione.
Il sistema non è chiaramente infallibile; saltano fuori regolarmente bug critici nei pacchetti inclusi in Testing. Tuttavia, è generalmente efficace e Testing pone molti meno problemi rispetto a Unstable, risultando per molti utenti, un buon compromesso tra novità e stabilità.
1.6.4. La promozione da Testing a Stable
Let us suppose that our package is now included in Testing. As long as it has room for improvement, its maintainer must continue to improve it and restart the process from Unstable (but its later inclusion in Testing is generally faster: unless it changed significantly, all of its dependencies are already available). When it reaches perfection, the maintainer has completed their work. The next step is the inclusion in the Stable distribution, which is, in reality, a simple copy of Testing at a moment chosen by the Release Manager. Ideally this decision is made when the installer is ready, and when no program in Testing has any known critical bugs.
Dato che un momento simile non si verifica mai in realtà, in pratica Debian deve fare un compromesso: saranno rimossi i pacchetti il cui manutentore non è riuscito a correggere in tempo i bug, o si accetta di rilasciare una distribuzione con alcuni bug nelle migliaia di programmi. Il Release Manager avrà già annunciato in precedenza un periodo di freeze (congelamento), durante il quale ogni aggiornamento di Testing deve essere approvato. L'obiettivo è quello di evitare qualsiasi nuova versione (con i suoi nuovi bug), e di approvare solo aggiornamenti che correggono i bug.
After the release of a new stable version, the Stable Release Manager manages all further development (called “revisions”, ex: 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 for version 7). These updates systematically include all security patches. They will also include the most important corrections (the maintainer of a package must prove the gravity of the problem that they wish to correct in order to have their updates included).
At the end of the journey, our hypothetical package is now included in the stable distribution. This journey, not without its difficulties, explains the significant delays separating the Debian Stable releases. This contributes, over all, to its reputation for quality. Furthermore, the majority of users are satisfied using one of the three distributions simultaneously available. The system administrators, concerned above all about the stability of their servers, don't need the latest and greatest version of GNOME; they can choose Debian Stable, and they will be satisfied. End users, more interested in the latest versions of GNOME or KDE than in rock-solid stability, will find Debian Testing to be a good compromise between a lack of serious problems and relatively up to date software. Finally, developers and more experienced users may blaze the trail, testing all the latest developments in Debian Unstable right out of the gate, at the risk of suffering the headaches and bugs inherent in any new version of a program. To each their own Debian!
1.6.5. The Oldstable and Oldoldstable Status
Each Stable release has an expected lifetime of about 5 years and given that releases tend to happen every 2 years, there can be up to 3 supported releases at a given point of time. When a new stable release happens, the former release becomes Oldstable and the one even before becomes Oldoldstable.
This Long Term Support (LTS) of Debian releases is a recent initiative: individual contributors and companies joined forces to create the Debian LTS team. Older releases which are no longer supported by the Debian security team fall under the responsibility of this new team.
The Debian security team handles security support in the current
Stable release and also in the
Oldstable release (but only for as long as is needed to ensure one year of overlap with the current stable release). This amounts roughly to three years of support for each release. The Debian LTS team handles the last (two) years of security support so that each releases benefits from at least 5 years of support and so that users can upgrade from version N to N+2.