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第 4 章 安装

4.1. 安装方式
4.1.1. 从CD-ROM/DVD-ROM安装
4.1.2. 从U盘引导
4.1.3. 从网络引导安装
4.1.4. 其他安装方式
4.2. 安装,一步一步来
4.2.1. 引导和开始安装
4.2.2. 选择语言
4.2.3. 选择国家
4.2.4. 选择键盘布局
4.2.5. 检测硬件
4.2.6. 加载组件
4.2.7. 检测网络硬件
4.2.8. 配置网络
4.2.9. 管理员密码
4.2.10. 建第一个用户
4.2.11. 配置时钟
4.2.12. 检测磁盘和其他设备
4.2.13. 开始分区的工具
4.2.14. 安装基本系统
4.2.15. 配置包管理 (apt)
4.2.16. Debian 软件包流行度竞赛
4.2.17. 选择安装包
4.2.18. 安装 GRUB 引导程序
4.2.19. 完成安装并重启
4.3. 在首次启动之后
4.3.1. 安装附加软件
4.3.2. 升级系统
为了使用Debian,你需要把它安装到计算机上;这项任务涉及debian-installer程序。合理的安装涉及到许多操作。这章将按照时间顺序来介绍。
The installer for Jessie is based on debian-installer. Its modular design enables it to work in various scenarios and allows it to evolve and adapt to changes. Despite the limitations implied by the need to support a large number of architectures, this installer is very accessible to beginners, since it assists users at each stage of the process. Automatic hardware detection, guided partitioning, and graphical user interfaces have solved most of the problems that newbies used to face in the early years of Debian.
安装硬件需求至少需要 80MB 内存和 700MB 的硬盘空间。所有 Falcot 电脑都符合这些标准。但是请注意,这样的配置只能安装非常有限的没有图形化桌面的系统。 一部办公桌面环境的工作站需要至少 512MB 内存和 5GB 的硬盘空间。

4.1. 安装方式

Debian系统可以从不同媒介安装,只要机器BIOS允许的话。可以从光驱,U盘,甚至是网络引导安装。

4.1.1. 从CD-ROM/DVD-ROM安装

最常见的安装介质是从CD光驱(或者DVD光驱,都一样):计算机从此处引导,然后安装程序接管。
Various CD-ROM families have different purposes: netinst (network installation) contains the installer and the base Debian system; all other programs are then downloaded. Its “image”, that is the ISO-9660 filesystem that contains the exact contents of the disk, only takes up about 150 to 280 MB (depending on architecture). On the other hand, the complete set offers all packages and allows for installation on a computer that has no Internet access; it requires around 84 CD-ROMs (or 12 DVD-ROMs, or two Blu-ray disks). But the programs are divided among the disks according to their popularity and importance; the first three disks will be sufficient for most installations, since they contain the most used software.
There is a last type of image, known as mini.iso, which is only available as a by-product of the installer. The image only contains the minimum required to configure the network and everything else is downloaded (including parts of the installer itself, which is why those images tend to break when a new version of the installer is released). Those images can be found on the normal Debian mirrors under the dists/release/main/installer-arch/current/images/netboot/ directory.
为了获得 Debian CD-ROM 镜像,你可以下载并刻度到光盘上。也可以购买它们,嗯,因此,要提供小小的金钱支持了。请查看网站 CD-ROM 镜像列表。

4.1.2. 从U盘引导

Since most computers are able to boot from USB devices, you can also install Debian from a USB key (this is nothing more than a small flash-memory disk).
The installation manual explains how to create a USB key that contains the debian-installer. The procedure is very simple because ISO images for i386 and amd64 are hybrid images that can boot from a CD-ROM as well as from a USB key.
You must first identify the device name of the USB key (ex: /dev/sdb); the simplest means to do this is to check the messages issued by the kernel using the dmesg command. Then you must copy the previously downloaded ISO image (for example debian-8.0.0-amd64-i386-netinst.iso) with the command cat debian-8.0.0-amd64-i386-netinst.iso >/dev/sdb; sync. This command requires administrator rights, since it accesses the USB key directly and blindly erases its content.
A more detailed explanation is available in the installation manual. Among other things, it describes an alternative method of preparing a USB key that is more complex, but that allows to customize the installer's default options (those set in the kernel command line).

4.1.3. 从网络引导安装

Many BIOSes allow booting directly from the network by downloading a kernel and a minimal filesystem image. This method (which has several names, such as PXE or TFTP boot) can be a life-saver if the computer does not have a CD-ROM reader, or if the BIOS can't boot from such media.
This installation method works in two steps. First, while booting the computer, the BIOS (or the network card) issues a BOOTP/DHCP request to automatically acquire an IP address. When a BOOTP or DHCP server returns a response, it includes a filename, as well as network settings. After having configured the network, the client computer then issues a TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) request for a file whose name was previously indicated. Once this file is acquired, it is executed as though it were a bootloader. This then launches the Debian installation program, which is executed as though it were running from the hard drive, a CD-ROM, or a USB key.
All the details of this method are available in the installation guide (“Preparing files for TFTP Net Booting” section).

4.1.4. 其他安装方式

When we have to deploy customized installations for a large number of computers, we generally choose an automated rather than a manual installation method. Depending on the situation and the complexity of the installations to be made, we can use FAI (Fully Automatic Installer, described in 第 12.3.1 节 “Fully Automatic Installer (FAI)”), or even a customized installation CD with preseeding (see 第 12.3.2 节 “Preseeding Debian-Installer”).