Get your development environment set up according to Setting up a Keystone development environment. The instructions from here will assume that you have installed Keystone into a virtualenv. If you chose not to, simply exclude “tools/with_venv.sh” from the example commands below.
Keystone requires a configuration file. There is a sample configuration file that can be used to get started:
$ cp etc/keystone.conf.sample etc/keystone.conf
The defaults are enough to get you going, but you can make any changes if needed.
To run the Keystone Admin and API server instances, use:
$ tools/with_venv.sh bin/keystone-all
This runs Keystone with the configuration the etc/ directory of the project. See Configuring Keystone for details on how Keystone is configured. By default, Keystone is configured with SQL backends.
You can interact with Keystone through the command line using keystone-manage which allows you to initialize keystone, etc.
You can also interact with Keystone through its REST API. There is a Python Keystone client library python-keystoneclient which interacts exclusively through the REST API, and which Keystone itself uses to provide its command-line interface.
When initially getting set up, after you’ve configured which databases to use, you’re probably going to need to run the following to your database schema in place:
$ bin/keystone-manage db_sync
If the above commands result in a KeyError, or they fail on a .pyc file with the message, You can only have one Python script per version, then it is possible that there are out-of-date compiled Python bytecode files in the Keystone directory tree that are causing problems. This can occur if you have previously installed and ran older versions of Keystone. These out-of-date files can be easily removed by running a command like the following from the Keystone root project directory:
$ find . -name "*.pyc" -delete
Keystone uses SQLAlchemy-migrate to migrate the SQL database between revisions. For core components, the migrations are kept in a central repository under keystone/common/sql/migrate_repo/versions. Each SQL migration has a version which can be identified by the name of the script, the version is the number before the underline. For example, if the script is named 001_add_X_table.py then the version of the SQL migration is 1.
Extensions should be created as directories under keystone/contrib. An extension that requires SQL migrations should not change the common repository, but should instead have its own repository. This repository must be in the extension’s directory in keystone/contrib/<extension>/migrate_repo. In addition, it needs a subdirectory named versions. For example, if the extension name is my_extension then the directory structure would be keystone/contrib/my_extension/migrate_repo/versions/.
For the migration to work, both the migrate_repo and versions subdirectories must have __init__.py files. SQLAlchemy-migrate will look for a configuration file in the migrate_repo named migrate.cfg. This conforms to a key/value ini file format. A sample configuration file with the minimal set of values is:
[db_settings]
repository_id=my_extension
version_table=migrate_version
required_dbs=[]
The directory keystone/contrib/example contains a sample extension migration.
For core components, to run a migration for upgrade, simply run:
$ keystone-manage db_sync <version>
Note
If no version is specified, then the most recent migration will be used.
For extensions, migrations must be explicitly run for each extension individually. To run a migration for a specific extension, simply run:
$ keystone-manage db_sync --extension <name>
Note
The meaning of “extension” here has been changed since all of the “extension” are loaded and the migrations are run by default, but the source is maintained in a separate directory.
Note
Schema downgrades are not supported for both core components and extensions.
There is an included script which is helpful in setting up some initial sample data for use with keystone:
$ OS_SERVICE_TOKEN=ADMIN tools/with_venv.sh tools/sample_data.sh
Notice it requires a service token read from an environment variable for authentication. The default value “ADMIN” is from the admin_token option in the [DEFAULT] section in etc/keystone.conf.
Once run, you can see the sample data that has been created by using the python-keystoneclient command-line interface:
$ tools/with_venv.sh keystone --os-token ADMIN --os-endpoint http://127.0.0.1:35357/v2.0/ user-list
Keystone supports the specification of filtering on list queries as part of the v3 identity API. By default these queries are satisfied in the controller class when a controller calls the wrap_collection method at the end of a list_{entity} method. However, to enable optimum performance, any driver can implement some or all of the specified filters (for example, by adding filtering to the generated SQL statements to generate the list).
The communication of the filter details between the controller level and its drivers is handled by the passing of a reference to a Hints object, which is a list of dicts describing the filters. A driver that satisfies a filter must delete the filter from the Hints object so that when it is returned to the controller level, it knows to only execute any unsatisfied filters.
The contract for a driver for list_{entity} methods is therefore:
Keystone supports the ability for a deployment to restrict the number of entries returned from list_{entity} methods, typically to prevent poorly formed searches (e.g. without sufficient filters) from becoming a performance issue.
These limits are set in the configuration file, either for a specific driver or across all drivers. These limits are read at the Manager level and passed into individual drivers as part of the Hints list object. A driver should try and honor any such limit if possible, but if it is unable to do so then it may ignore it (and the truncation of the returned list of entities will happen at the controller level).
Keystone supports the option of having domain-specific backends for the identity driver (i.e. for user and group storage), allowing, for example, a different LDAP server for each domain. To ensure that Keystone can determine to which backend it should route an API call, starting with Juno, the identity manager will, provided that domain-specific backends are enabled, build on-the-fly a persistent mapping table between Keystone Public IDs that are presented to the controller and the domain that holds the entity, along with whatever local ID is understood by the driver. This hides, for instance, the LDAP specifics of whatever ID is being used.
To ensure backward compatibility, the default configuration of either a single SQL or LDAP backend for Identity will not use the mapping table, meaning that public facing IDs will be the unchanged. If keeping these IDs the same for the default LDAP backend is not required, then setting the configuration variable backward_compatible_ids to False will enable the mapping for the default LDAP driver, hence hiding the LDAP specifics of the IDs being used.
Before running tests, you should have tox installed and available in your environment (in addition to the other external dependencies in Setting up a Keystone development environment):
$ pip install tox
Note
You may need to perform both the above operation and the next inside a python virtualenv, or prefix the above command with sudo, depending on your preference.
To execute the full suite of tests maintained within Keystone, simply run:
$ tox
This iterates over multiple configuration variations, and uses external projects to do light integration testing to verify the Identity API against other projects.
Note
The first time you run tox, it will take additional time to build virtualenvs. You can later use the -r option with tox to rebuild your virtualenv in a similar manner.
To run tests for one or more specific test environments (for example, the most common configuration of Python 2.7 and PEP-8), list the environments with the -e option, separated by spaces:
$ tox -e py27,pep8
See tox.ini for the full list of available test environments.
Using PDB breakpoints with tox and testr normally doesn’t work since the tests just fail with a BdbQuit exception rather than stopping at the breakpoint.
To run with PDB breakpoints during testing, use the debug tox environment rather than py27. Here’s an example, passing the name of a test since you’ll normally only want to run the test that hits your breakpoint:
$ tox -e debug keystone.tests.test_auth.AuthWithToken.test_belongs_to
For reference, the debug tox environment implements the instructions here: https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Testr#Debugging_.28pdb.29_Tests
The stdout, stderr and log messages generated during a test are captured and in the event of a test failure those streams will be printed to the terminal along with the traceback. The data is discarded for passing tests.
Each stream has an environment variable that can be used to force captured data to be discarded even if the test fails: OS_STDOUT_CAPTURE for stdout, OS_STDERR_CAPTURE for stderr and OS_LOG_CAPTURE for logging. If the value of the environment variable is not one of (True, true, 1, yes) the stream will be discarded. All three variables default to 1.
For example, to discard logging data during a test run:
$ OS_LOG_CAPTURE=0 tox -e py27
Not all of the tests in the tests directory are strictly unit tests. Keystone intentionally includes tests that run the service locally and drives the entire configuration to achieve basic functional testing.
For the functional tests, an in-memory key-value store is used to keep the tests fast.
Within the tests directory, the general structure of the tests is a basic set of tests represented under a test class, and then subclasses of those tests under other classes with different configurations to drive different backends through the APIs.
For example, test_backend.py has a sequence of tests under the class IdentityTests that will work with the default drivers as configured in this projects etc/ directory. test_backend_sql.py subclasses those tests, changing the configuration by overriding with configuration files stored in the tests directory aimed at enabling the SQL backend for the Identity module.
Likewise, test_v2_keystoneclient.py takes advantage of the tests written against KeystoneClientTests to verify the same tests function through different drivers and releases of the Keystone client.
The class CompatTestCase does the work of checking out a specific version of python-keystoneclient, and then verifying it against a temporarily running local instance to explicitly verify basic functional testing across the API.
The application of schema migrations can be tested using SQLAlchemy Migrate’s built-in test runner, one migration at a time.
Warning
This may leave your database in an inconsistent state; attempt this in non-production environments only!
This is useful for testing the next migration in sequence (both forward & backward) in a database under version control:
$ python keystone/common/sql/migrate_repo/manage.py test \
--url=sqlite:///test.db \
--repository=keystone/common/sql/migrate_repo/
This command references to a SQLite database (test.db) to be used. Depending on the migration, this command alone does not make assertions as to the integrity of your data during migration.
To add tests covering all drivers, update the relevant base test class (test_backend.py, test_legacy_compat.py, and test_keystoneclient.py).
To add new drivers, subclass the test_backend.py (look towards test_backend_sql.py or test_backend_kvs.py for examples) and update the configuration of the test class in setUp().
devstack is the best way to quickly deploy Keystone with the rest of the OpenStack universe and should be critical step in your development workflow!
You may also be interested in either the OpenStack Continuous Integration Infrastructure or the OpenStack Integration Testing Project.
LDAP has a fake backend that performs rudimentary operations. If you are building more significant LDAP functionality, you should test against a live LDAP server. Devstack has an option to set up a directory server for Keystone to use. Add ldap to the ENABLED_SERVICES environment variable, and set environment variables KEYSTONE_IDENTITY_BACKEND=ldap and KEYSTONE_CLEAR_LDAP=yes in your localrc file.
The unit tests can be run against a live server with keystone/tests/test_ldap_livetest.py and keystone/tests/test_ldap_pool_livetest.py. The default password is test but if you have installed devstack with a different LDAP password, modify the file keystone/tests/config_files/backend_liveldap.conf and keystone/tests/config_files/backend_pool_liveldap.conf to reflect your password.
Note
To run the live tests you need to set the environment variable ENABLE_LDAP_LIVE_TEST to a non-negative value.
Work in progress (WIP) tests are very useful in a variety of situations including:
The keystone.tests.util.wip decorator can be used to mark a test as WIP. A WIP test will always be run. If the test fails then a TestSkipped exception is raised because we expect the test to fail. We do not pass the test in this case so that it doesn’t count toward the number of successfully run tests. If the test passes an AssertionError exception is raised so that the developer knows they made the test pass. This is a reminder to remove the decorator.
The wip decorator requires that the author provides a message. This message is important because it will tell other developers why this test is marked as a work in progress. Reviewers will require that these messages are descriptive and accurate.
Note
The wip decorator is not a replacement for skipping tests.
@wip('waiting on bug #000000')
def test():
pass
Keystone’s sample configuration file etc/keystone.conf.sample is automatically generated based upon all of the options available within Keystone. These options are sourced from the many files around Keystone as well as some external libraries.
If new options are added, primarily located in keystone.common.config, a new sample configuration file needs to be generated. Generating a new sample configuration to be included in a commit run:
$ tox -esample_config -r
The tox command will place an updated sample config in etc/keystone.conf.sample.
If there is a new external library (e.g. oslo.messaging) that utilizes the oslo.config package for configuration, it can be added to the list of libraries found in tools/config/oslo.config.generator.rc.
The Keystone server can provide error responses translated into the language in the Accept-Language header of the request. In order to test this in your development environment, there’s a couple of things you need to do.
$ python setup.py compile_catalog
This will generate .mo files like keystone/locale/[lang]/LC_MESSAGES/[lang].mo
$ KEYSTONE_LOCALEDIR=/opt/stack/keystone/keystone/locale keystone-all
Now you can get a translated error response:
$ curl -s -H "Accept-Language: zh" http://localhost:5000/notapath | python -mjson.tool
{
"error": {
"code": 404,
"message": "\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u8cc7\u6e90\u3002",
"title": "Not Found"
}
}
The caching layer is designed to be applied to any manager object within Keystone via the use of the on_arguments decorator provided in the keystone.common.cache module. This decorator leverages dogpile.cache caching system to provide a flexible caching backend.
It is recommended that each of the managers have an independent toggle within the config file to enable caching. The easiest method to utilize the toggle within the configuration file is to define a caching boolean option within that manager’s configuration section (e.g. identity). Once that option is defined you can pass function to the on_arguments decorator with the named argument should_cache_fn. In the keystone.common.cache module, there is a function called should_cache_fn, which will provide a reference, to a function, that will consult the global cache enabled option as well as the specific manager’s caching enable toggle.
Note
If a section-specific boolean option is not defined in the config section specified when calling should_cache_fn, the returned function reference will default to enabling caching for that manager.
Example use of cache and should_cache_fn (in this example, token is the manager):
from keystone.common import cache
SHOULD_CACHE = cache.should_cache_fn('token')
@cache.on_arguments(should_cache_fn=SHOULD_CACHE)
def cacheable_function(arg1, arg2, arg3):
...
return some_value
With the above example, each call to the cacheable_function would check to see if the arguments passed to it matched a currently valid cached item. If the return value was cached, the caching layer would return the cached value; if the return value was not cached, the caching layer would call the function, pass the value to the SHOULD_CACHE function reference, which would then determine if caching was globally enabled and enabled for the token manager. If either caching toggle is disabled, the value is returned but not cached.
It is recommended that each of the managers have an independent configurable time-to-live (TTL). If a configurable TTL has been defined for the manager configuration section, it is possible to pass it to the cache.on_arguments decorator with the named-argument expiration_time. For consistency, it is recommended that this option be called cache_time and default to None. If the expiration_time argument passed to the decorator is set to None, the expiration time will be set to the global default (expiration_time option in the [cache] configuration section.
Example of using a section specific cache_time (in this example, identity is the manager):
from keystone.common import cache
SHOULD_CACHE = cache.should_cache_fn('identity')
@cache.on_arguments(should_cache_fn=SHOULD_CACHE,
expiration_time=CONF.identity.cache_time)
def cachable_function(arg1, arg2, arg3):
...
return some_value
For cache invalidation, the on_arguments decorator will add an invalidate method (attribute) to your decorated function. To invalidate the cache, you pass the same arguments to the invalidate method as you would the normal function.
Example (using the above cacheable_function):
def invalidate_cache(arg1, arg2, arg3):
cacheable_function.invalidate(arg1, arg2, arg3)
Warning
The on_arguments decorator does not accept keyword-arguments/named arguments. An exception will be raised if keyword arguments are passed to a caching-decorated function.
Note
In all cases methods work the same as functions except if you are attempting to invalidate the cache on a decorated bound-method, you need to pass self to the invalidate method as the first argument before the arguments.
The dogpile.cache based KVS system has been designed to allow for flexible stores for the backend of the KVS system. The implementation allows for the use of any normal dogpile.cache cache backends to be used as a store. All interfacing to the KVS system happens via the KeyValueStore object located at keystone.common.kvs.KeyValueStore.
To utilize the KVS system an instantiation of the KeyValueStore class is needed. To acquire a KeyValueStore instantiation use the keystone.common.kvs.get_key_value_store factory function. This factory will either create a new KeyValueStore object or retrieve the already instantiated KeyValueStore object by the name passed as an argument. The object must be configured before use. The KVS object will only be retrievable with the get_key_value_store function while there is an active reference outside of the registry. Once all references have been removed the object is gone (the registry uses a weakref to match the object to the name).
Example Instantiation and Configuration:
kvs_store = kvs.get_key_value_store('TestKVSRegion')
kvs_store.configure('openstack.kvs.Memory', ...)
Any keyword arguments passed to the configure method that are not defined as part of the KeyValueStore object configuration are passed to the backend for further configuration (e.g. memcached servers, lock_timeout, etc).
The memcached backend uses the Keystone manager mechanism to support the use of any of the provided memcached backends (bmemcached, pylibmc, and basic memcached). By default the memcached backend is used. Currently the Memcache URLs come from the servers option in the [memcache] configuration section of the Keystone config.
The following is an example showing how to configure the KVS system to use a KeyValueStore object named “TestKVSRegion” and a specific Memcached driver:
kvs_store = kvs.get_key_value_store('TestKVSRegion')
kvs_store.configure('openstack.kvs.Memcached', memcached_backend='Memcached')
The memcached backend supports a mechanism to supply an explicit TTL (in seconds) to all keys set via the KVS object. This is accomplished by passing the argument memcached_expire_time as a keyword argument to the configure method. Passing the memcache_expire_time argument will cause the time argument to be added to all set and set_multi calls performed by the memcached client. memcached_expire_time is an argument exclusive to the memcached dogpile backend, and will be ignored if passed to another backend:
kvs_store.configure('openstack.kvs.Memcached', memcached_backend='Memcached',
memcached_expire_time=86400)
If an explicit TTL is configured via the memcached_expire_time argument, it is possible to exempt specific keys from receiving the TTL by passing the argument no_expiry_keys (list) as a keyword argument to the configure method. no_expiry_keys should be supported by all OpenStack-specific dogpile backends (memcached) that have the ability to set an explicit TTL:
kvs_store.configure('openstack.kvs.Memcached', memcached_backend='Memcached',
memcached_expire_time=86400, no_expiry_keys=['key', 'second_key', ...])
Note
For the non-expiring keys functionality to work, the backend must support the ability for the region to set the key_mangler on it and have the attribute raw_no_expiry_keys. In most cases, support for setting the key_mangler on the backend is handled by allowing the region object to set the key_mangler attribute on the backend.
The raw_no_expiry_keys attribute is expected to be used to hold the values of the keyword argument no_expiry_keys prior to hashing. It is the responsibility of the backend to use these raw values to determine if a key should be exempt from expiring and not set the TTL on the non-expiring keys when the set or set_multi methods are called.
Typically the key will be hashed by the region using its key_mangler method before being passed to the backend to set the value in the KeyValueStore. This means that in most cases, the backend will need to either pre-compute the hashed versions of the keys (when the key_mangler is set) and store a cached copy, or hash each item in the raw_no_expiry_keys attribute on each call to .set() and .set_multi(). The memcached backend handles this hashing and caching of the keys by utilizing an @property method for the .key_mangler attribute on the backend and utilizing the associated .settr() method to front-load the hashing work at attribute set time.
Once a KVS object has been instantiated the method of interacting is the same as most memcache implementations:
kvs_store = kvs.get_key_value_store('TestKVSRegion')
kvs_store.configure(...)
# Set a Value
kvs_store.set(<Key>, <Value>)
# Retrieve a value:
retrieved_value = kvs_store.get(<key>)
# Delete a key/value pair:
kvs_store.delete(<key>)
# multi-get:
kvs_store.get_multi([<key>, <key>, ...])
# multi-set:
kvs_store.set_multi(dict(<key>=<value>, <key>=<value>, ...))
# multi-delete
kvs_store.delete_multi([<key>, <key>, ...])
There is a global configuration option to be aware of (that can be set in the [kvs] section of the Keystone configuration file): enable_key_mangler can be set top false, disabling the use of key_manglers (modification of the key when saving to the backend to help prevent collisions or exceeding key size limits with memcached).
Note
The enable_key_mangler option in the [kvs] section of the Keystone configuration file is not the same option (and does not affect the cache-layer key manglers) from the option in the [cache] section of the configuration file. Similarly the [cache] section options relating to key manglers has no bearing on the [kvs] objects.
Warning
Setting the enable_key_mangler option to False can have detrimental effects on the KeyValueStore backend. It is recommended that this value is not set to False except for debugging issues with the dogpile.cache backend itself.
Any backends that are to be used with the KeyValueStore system need to be registered with dogpile. For in-tree/provided backends, the registration should occur in keystone/common/kvs/__init__.py. For backends that are developed out of tree, the location should be added to the backends option in the [kvs] section of the Keystone configuration:
[kvs]
backends = backend_module1.backend_class1,backend_module2.backend_class2
All registered backends will receive the “short name” of “openstack.kvs.<class name>” for use in the configure method on the KeyValueStore object. The <class name> of a backend must be globally unique.
The dogpile.cache based MongoDB backend implementation allows for various MongoDB configurations, e.g., standalone, a replica set, sharded replicas, with or without SSL, use of TTL type collections, etc.
Example of typical configuration for MongoDB backend:
from dogpile.cache import region
arguments = {
'db_hosts': 'localhost:27017',
'db_name': 'ks_cache',
'cache_collection': 'cache',
'username': 'test_user',
'password': 'test_password',
# optional arguments
'son_manipulator': 'my_son_manipulator_impl'
}
region.make_region().configure('keystone.cache.mongo',
arguments=arguments)
The optional son_manipulator is used to manipulate custom data type while its saved in or retrieved from MongoDB. If the dogpile cached values contain built-in data types and no custom classes, then the provided implementation class is sufficient. For further details, refer http://api.mongodb.org/python/current/examples/custom_type.html#automatic-encoding-and-decoding
Similar to other backends, this backend can be added via Keystone configuration in keystone.conf:
[cache]
# Global cache functionality toggle.
enabled = True
# Referring to specific cache backend
backend = keystone.cache.mongo
# Backend specific configuration arguments
backend_argument = db_hosts:localhost:27017
backend_argument = db_name:ks_cache
backend_argument = cache_collection:cache
backend_argument = username:test_user
backend_argument = password:test_password
This backend is registered in keystone.common.cache.core module. So, its usage is similar to other dogpile caching backends as it implements the same dogpile APIs.
The documentation is generated with Sphinx using the tox command. To create HTML docs and man pages:
$ tox -e docs
The results are in the doc/build/html and doc/build/man directories respectively.