Debian indfører ikke udstyrskrav udover kravene fra Linux- eller kFreeBSD-kernen og GNU-værktøjssættene. Derfor kan enhver arkitektur eller platform som Linux- eller kFreeBSD-kernen, libc, gcc, etc. er blevet porteret til, og for hvem en Debian-port findes afvikle Debian. Se porteringsiderne på http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/ for yderligere detaljer om 64-bit ARM arkitektursystemer, som er blevet testet med Debian GNU/Linux.
Frem for at forsøge at beskrive alle de forskelige udstyrskonfigurationer, som er understøttet for 64-bit ARM, dette afsnit indeholder generel information og henvisninger til hvor yderligere information kan findes.
Debian GNU/Linux 8 understøtter 10 væsentlige arkitekturer og flere variationer af hver arkitektur kendt som “varianter (flavors)”.
Arkitektur | Debian Designation | Underarkitektur | Variant |
---|---|---|---|
Intel x86-baseret | i386 | ||
AMD64 & Intel 64 | amd64 | ||
ARM | armel | Intel IXP4xx | ixp4xx |
Marvell Kirkwood | kirkwood | ||
Marvell Orion | orion5x | ||
Versatile | versatile | ||
ARM med udstyr FPU | armhf | flerplatform | armmp |
flerplatform for LPAE-egnede systemer | armmp-lpae | ||
64-bit ARM | arm64 | ||
MIPS (big endian) | mips | SGI IP22 (Indy/Indigo 2) | r4k-ip22 |
SGI IP32 (O2) | r5k-ip32 | ||
MIPS Malta (32-bit) | 4kc-malta | ||
MIPS Malta (64-bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
MIPS (little endian) | mipsel | MIPS Malta (32-bit) | 4kc-malta |
MIPS Malta (64-bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
IBM/Motorola PowerPC | powerpc | PowerMac | pmac |
PReP | prep | ||
Power Systems | ppc64el | IBM POWER8 or newer machines | |
64-bit IBM S/390 | s390x | IPL fra VM-reader og DASD | generisk |
Debian GNU/kFreeBSD 8 understøtter to arkitekturer.
Arkitektur | Debian Designation |
---|---|
Intel x86-baseret | kfreebsd-i386 |
AMD64 & Intel 64 | kfreebsd-amd64 |
Dette dokument dækker intallationen for arkitekturen 64-bit ARM, der bruger kernen Linux. Hvis du er på udkig efter information om en af de andre Debian-understøttede arkitekturer så tag et kig på siderne om Debian-porteringer.
Dette er den første officielle udgivelse af Debian GNU/Linux for arkitekturen 64-bit ARM. Vi har den opfattelse, at den har bevist, at den er klar til udgivelse. Da den endnu ikke har haft lige så stor udbredelse (og dermed test fra mange brugere) som nogle arkitekturer, så kan du møde nogle få fejl. Brug vores fejlsporingssystem til at rapportere eventuelle problemer; husk at nævne at fejlen er opstået på 64-bit ARM-platformen der bruger kernen Linux. Det kan også være nødvendigt at bruge postlisten debian-arm.
The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. Debian therefore provides three ARM ports to give the best support for a very wide range of different machines:
Debian/armel targets older 32-bit ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU),
Debian/armhf works only on newer 32-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). It makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models.
Debian/arm64 works on 64-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv8 architecture.
Technically, all currently available ARM CPUs can be run in either endian mode (big or little), but in practice the vast majority use little-endian mode. All of Debian/arm64, Debian/armhf and Debian/armel support only little-endian systems.
ARM systems are much more heterogeneous than those based on the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, so the support situation can be much more complicated.
The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called “system-on-chip” (SoC) designs. These SoCs are designed by many different companies, often with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. Older versions of the ARM architecture have seen massive differences from one SoC to the next, but ARMv8 (arm64) is much more standardised and so is easier for the Linux kernel and other software to support.
Server versions of ARMv8 hardware are typically configured using the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) and Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) standards. These two provide common, device-independent ways to boot and configure computer hardware. They are also common in the x86 PC world.
Arm64/AArch64/ARMv8 hardware became available quite late in the Debian Jessie release cycle so not many platforms had support merged in the mainline kernel version by the time of this release; this is the main requirement to have debian-installer
working on them. The following platforms are known to be supported by Debian/arm64 in this release. There is only one kernel image, which supports all the listed platforms.
The APM Mustang was the first Linux-capable ARMv8 system available. It uses the X-gene SoC, which has since also been used in other machines. It is an 8-core CPU, with ethernet, USB and serial. A common form-factor looks just like a desktop PC box, but many other versions are expected in the future. Most of the hardware is supported in the mainline kernel, but at this point USB support is lacking in the Jessie kernel.
Juno is a capable development board with a 6-core (2xA57, 4xA53) ARMv8-A 800Mhz CPU, Mali (T624) graphics, 8GB DDR3 RAM, Ethernet, USB, Serial. It was designed for system bring-up and power testing so is neither small nor cheap, but was one of the first boards available. All the on-board hardware is supported in the mainline kernel and in Jessie.
When using debian-installer
on non-UEFI systems, you may have to manually make the system bootable at the end of the installation, e.g. by running the required commands in a shell started from within debian-installer
. flash-kernel knows how to set up an X-Gene system booting with U-Boot.
The multiplatform support in the arm64 Linux kernel may also allow running debian-installer
on arm64 systems not explicitly listed above. So long as the kernel used by debian-installer
has support for the target system's components, and a device-tree file for that target is available, a new target system may work just fine. In these cases, the installer can usually provide a working installation, and so long as UEFI is in use, it should be able to make the system bootable as well. If UEFI is not used you may also need to perform some manual configuration steps to make the system bootable.
Understøttelse af flere processorer — også kaldt “symmetrisk flerbehandling” eller SMP — er tilgængelig for denne arkitektur. AT have flere processorer i en computer var oprindelig kun en problemstilling for serversystemer i den dyre ende, men er nu blevet almindeligt næsten overalt med introduktionen af såkaldte “multi-core”-processorer. Disse indeholder to eller flere processorenheder, kaldt “kerner”, i en fysisk chip.
Standard Debian 8-kerneaftrykket er blevet kompileret med SMP-understøttelse. Det kan også bruges på ikke-SMP-systmemer uden problemer.
Debian's support for graphical interfaces is determined by the underlying support found in X.Org's X11 system, and the kernel. Basic framebuffer graphics is provided by the kernel, whilst desktop environments use X11. Whether advanced graphics card features such as 3D-hardware acceleration or hardware-accelerated video are available, depends on the actual graphics hardware used in the system and in some cases on the installation of additional “firmware” images (see Afsnit 2.2, “Enheder som kræver firmware”).
Nearly all ARM machines have the graphics hardware built-in, rather than being on a plug-in card. Some machines do have expansion slots which will take graphics cards, but that is a rarity. Hardware designed to be headless with no graphics at all is quite common. Whilst basic framebuffer video provided by the kernel should work on all devices that have graphics, fast 3D graphics invariably needs binary drivers to work. The situation is changing quickly but at the time of the jessie release free drivers for nouveau (Nvidia Tegra K1 SoC) and freedreno (Qualcomm Snapdragon SoCs) are available in the release. Other hardware needs non-free drivers from 3rd parties.
Details on supported graphics hardware and pointing devices can be found at http://xorg.freedesktop.org/. Debian 8 ships with X.Org version 7.7.
Næsten alle netværksgrænsefladekort (NIC) understøttet af Linux-kernen bør også være understøttet af installationssystemet; drivere bliver normalt indlæst automatisk.
På 64-bit ARM, er de fleste indbyggede Ethernet-enheder understøttet og moduler for yderligere PCI- og USB-enheder tilbydes.