Debian 不会超出 Linux 内核与 GNU 工具集所支持的硬件范围之外。因此,任何被移植了 Linux 内核、libc、gcc 等,并拥有对应的 Debian 移植版的硬件体系或平台都可以运行 Debian。请参考移植页面 http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/ 以了解更多已被 Debian GNU/Linux 测试过的 ARM 体系。
本章仅包含一些通用的信息,以及在何处可以获得更多信息的指导,而不是试图列出支持 ARM 的所有不同硬件配置。
Debian GNU/Linux 8 supports eight major architectures and several variations of each architecture known as “flavors”.
体系 | Debian 命名 | 子体系 | Flavor |
---|---|---|---|
Intel x86-based | i386 | ||
AMD64 & Intel 64 | amd64 | ||
ARM | armel | Intel IXP4xx | ixp4xx |
Marvell Kirkwood | kirkwood | ||
Marvell Orion | orion5x | ||
Versatile | versatile | ||
带 FPU 的 ARM | armhf | multiplatform | armmp |
multiplatform for LPAE-capable systems | armmp-lpae | ||
64bit ARM | arm64 | ||
MIPS (big endian) | mips | SGI IP22 (Indy/Indigo 2) | r4k-ip22 |
SGI IP32 (O2) | r5k-ip32 | ||
MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta | ||
MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
MIPS (little endian) | mipsel | MIPS Malta (32 bit) | 4kc-malta |
MIPS Malta (64 bit) | 5kc-malta | ||
IBM/Motorola PowerPC | powerpc | PowerMac | pmac |
PReP | prep | ||
IBM PowerPC (little endian) | ppc64el | ||
64bit IBM S/390 | s390x | 来自 VM-reader 和 DASD 的 IPL | generic |
Debian GNU/kFreeBSD 8 支持两种架构。
体系 | Debian 命名 |
---|---|
Intel x86-based | kfreebsd-i386 |
AMD64 & Intel 64 | kfreebsd-amd64 |
本文档主要讲述的是 ARM 体系下的安装。如果您在寻找其他 Debian 所支持的体系的信息,请访问 Debian-Ports 网页。
ARM systems are a lot more heterogenous than the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, where all systems share a common system firmware (BIOS or/and UEFI) which handles the board-specific basic hardware initialization in a standardized way. The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called “systems-on-chip” (SOCs). These SOCs are designed by many different companies with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. Systems using them usually lack a common system firmware interface and as a result, on ARM systems the Linux kernel has to take care of many system-specific low-level issues which are handled by the mainboard's BIOS in the PC world.
At the beginning of the ARM support in the Linux kernel, this resulted in the requirement of having a seperate kernel for each ARM system in contrast to the “one-fits-all” kernel for PC systems. As this approach does not scale to a large number of different systems, work has started to be able to provide a single ARM kernel that can run on different ARM systems. Support for newer ARM systems gets implemented in a way that allows the use of such a multiplatform kernel, but for several older systems a seperate specific kernel is still required. Because of this, the standard Debian distribution only supports installation on a selected number of older ARM systems in addition to the newer systems which are supported by the ARM multiplatform (armmp) kernel.
The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. Debian therefore provides two ARM ports, the Debian/armel and the Debian/armhf port. Debian/armel targets older ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU), while Debian/armhf works only on newer ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). Debian/armhf makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models.
Technically, several ARM CPUs can be run in either endian mode (big or little), but in practice the vast majority of currently available systems uses little-endian mode. Both Debian/armhf and Debian/armel support only little-endian systems.
The following platforms are supported by Debian/armel; they require platform-specific kernels.
The Intel IXP4xx processor series is used in network attached storage devices like the Linksys NSLU2.
Kirkwood 是 Marvell 的 SoC 产品,集成了 ARM CPU、Ethernet、SATA、USB,以及其他一些功能。当前我们能支持以下几种基于 Kirkwood 的设备:OpenRD (OpenRD-Base, OpenRD-Client 和 OpenRD-Ultimate)、plug computers (SheevaPlug、GuruPlug 和 DreamPlug), QNAP Turbo Station (所有 TS-11x、TS-21x 和 TS-41x 型号),以及 LaCie NASes (Network Space v2、Network Space Max v2、Internet Space v2、d2 Network v2、2Big Network v2 和 5Big Network v2)。
Orion 是 Marvell 的 SoC 产品,集成了 ARM CPU、Ethernet、SATA、USB,以及其他一些功能。市场上有很多 NAS 设备基于 Orion 芯片。我们当前支持以下几种基于 Orion 的设备: Buffalo Kurobox、D-Link DNS-323 和 HP mv2120。
Versatile 平台由 QEMU 模拟,如果您没有硬件设备,用它来测试运行在 ARM 上的 Debian 是一个不错的方法。
Intel's I/O Processor (IOP) line is found in a number of products related to data storage and processing, such as the GLAN Tank from IO-Data and the Thecus N2100. Debian has supported the IOP32x platform in Debian 7, but does not support it anymore from version 8 on due to hardware constraints of the platform which make it unsuitable for the installation of newer Debian releases.
The MV78xx0 platform has been used on the Marvell DB-78xx0-BP development board. It was supported in Debian 7 with a platform-specific kernel (based on the Linux kernel version 3.2), but is not supported anymore from Debian 8 onwards.
The following systems are known to work with Debian/armhf using the multiplatform (armmp) kernel:
The IMX53QSB is a development board based on the i.MX53 SOC.
The Versatile Express is a development board series from ARM consisting of a baseboard which can be equipped with various CPU daughterboards.
The armmp kernel supports several development boards and embedded systems based on the Allwinner A10 (architecture codename “sun4i”) and A20 (architecture codename “sun7i”) SOCs. Full installer support is currently available for the following sunXi-based systems:
Cubietech Cubieboard 1 + 2 / Cubietruck
LeMaker Banana Pi
LinkSprite pcDuino
Mele A1000
Miniand Hackberry
Olimex A10-Olinuxino-LIME / A10s-Olinuxino Micro / A13-Olinuxino / A13-Olinuxino Micro / A20-Olinuxino-LIME / A20-Olinuxino Micro
PineRiver Mini X-Plus
System support for Allwinner sunXi-based devices is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel. The android-derived linux-sunxi.org 3.4 kernel series is not supported by Debian.
The mainline Linux kernel generally supports serial console, ethernet, SATA, USB and MMC/SD-cards on Allwinner A10 and A20 SOCs, but it does not have local display (HDMI/VGA/LVDS) and audio support. The NAND flash memory that is built into some sunXi-based systems is not supported.
The Cubox-i series is a set of small, cubical-shaped systems based on the Freescale i.MX6 SOC family. System support for the Cubox-i series is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel; the Freescale 3.0 kernel series for the Cubox-i is not supported by Debian. Available drivers in the mainline kernel include serial console, ethernet, USB, MMC/SD-card and display support over HDMI (console and X11). In addition to that, the eSATA port on the Cubox-i4Pro is supported.
The Wandboard Quad is a development board based on the Freescale i.MX6 Quad SoC. System support for it is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel; the wandboard-specific 3.0 and 3.10 kernel series from wandboard.org are not supported by Debian. The mainline kernel includes driver support for serial console, display via HDMI (console and X11), ethernet, USB, MMC/SD and SATA. Support for the onboard audio options (analog, S/PDIF, HDMI-Audio) and for the onboard WLAN/Bluetooth module is not available in Debian 8.
Generally, the ARM multiplatform support in the Linux kernel allows running debian-installer
on armhf systems not explicitly listed above, as long as the kernel used by debian-installer
has support for the target system's components and a device-tree file for the target is available. In these cases, the installer can usually provide a working userland installation, but it probably cannot automatically make the system bootable, as doing that in many cases requires device-specific information.
When using debian-installer
on such systems, you have to manually make the system bootable at the end of the installation, e.g. by running the required commands in a shell started from within debian-installer
.
The EfikaMX platform (Genesi Efika Smartbook and Genesi EfikaMX nettop) has been supported in Debian 7 with a platform-specific kernel, but is not supported anymore from Debian 8 onwards. The code required to build the formerly used platform-specific kernel has been removed from the upstream Linux kernel source in 2012, so Debian cannot provide newer builds.
Using the armmp multiplatform kernel on the EfikaMX platform would require device-tree support for it, which is currently not available.
对显卡和其他定点设备的具体支持情况,见 http://xorg.freedesktop.org/。 Debian 8 包含 X.Org 7.7 版。
几乎所有被 Linux 内核支持的网卡 (NIC) 都被安装系统支持;驱动程序通常会自动加载。
ARM 上,支持大多数内置的以太网设备,并提供额外的 PCI 和 USB 设备模块。