2.1. Поддерживаемое оборудование

Для Debian не требуется от оборудования сверх того, что требуют ядро Linux или kFreeBSD и утилиты GNU. Таким образом, любая архитектура или платформа, на которую были перенесены ядро Linux или kFreeBSD, libc, gcc и т.д. и на которую перенесён Debian, может работать под Debian. Сверьтесь со страницами переносов http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/, какие системы на архитектуре ARM были протестированы с Debian GNU/Linux.

Вместо того, чтобы пытаться описать всё разнообразие аппаратных конфигураций, которое существует на ARM, эта глава содержит общую информацию и указания, где можно найти дополнительную информацию.

2.1.1. Поддерживаемые архитектуры

Debian GNU/Linux 8 supports eight major architectures and several variations of each architecture known as «flavors».

Архитектура Обозначение в Debian Субархитектура Вариант
основанные на Intel x86 i386    
AMD64 & Intel 64 amd64    
ARM armel Intel IXP4xx ixp4xx
Marvell Kirkwood kirkwood
Marvell Orion orion5x
Versatile versatile
ARM с аппаратным FPU armhf multiplatform armmp
multiplatform for LPAE-capable systems armmp-lpae
64bit ARM arm64    
MIPS (с прямым порядком байтов) mips SGI IP22 (Indy/Indigo 2) r4k-ip22
SGI IP32 (O2) r5k-ip32
MIPS Malta (32-битная) 4kc-malta
MIPS Malta (64-битная) 5kc-malta
MIPS (с обратным порядком байтов) mipsel MIPS Malta (32-битная) 4kc-malta
MIPS Malta (64-битная) 5kc-malta
IBM/Motorola PowerPC powerpc PowerMac pmac
PReP prep
IBM PowerPC (little endian) ppc64el    
64-битный IBM S/390 s390x IPL с VM-reader и DASD generic

Debian GNU/kFreeBSD 8 поддерживает две архитектуры.

Архитектура Обозначение в Debian
основанные на Intel x86 kfreebsd-i386
AMD64 & Intel 64 kfreebsd-amd64

Этот документ содержит описание установки на архитектуру ARM. Если вы ищете информацию по любой другой архитектуре, поддерживаемой Debian, посмотрите на странице переносов Debian.

2.1.2. Поддерживаемые процессоры, материнские платы и видеокарты

ARM systems are a lot more heterogenous than the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, where all systems share a common system firmware (BIOS or/and UEFI) which handles the board-specific basic hardware initialization in a standardized way. The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called «systems-on-chip» (SOCs). These SOCs are designed by many different companies with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. Systems using them usually lack a common system firmware interface and as a result, on ARM systems the Linux kernel has to take care of many system-specific low-level issues which are handled by the mainboard's BIOS in the PC world.

At the beginning of the ARM support in the Linux kernel, this resulted in the requirement of having a seperate kernel for each ARM system in contrast to the «one-fits-all» kernel for PC systems. As this approach does not scale to a large number of different systems, work has started to be able to provide a single ARM kernel that can run on different ARM systems. Support for newer ARM systems gets implemented in a way that allows the use of such a multiplatform kernel, but for several older systems a seperate specific kernel is still required. Because of this, the standard Debian distribution only supports installation on a selected number of older ARM systems in addition to the newer systems which are supported by the ARM multiplatform (armmp) kernel.

The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. Debian therefore provides two ARM ports, the Debian/armel and the Debian/armhf port. Debian/armel targets older ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU), while Debian/armhf works only on newer ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). Debian/armhf makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models.

Technically, several ARM CPUs can be run in either endian mode (big or little), but in practice the vast majority of currently available systems uses little-endian mode. Both Debian/armhf and Debian/armel support only little-endian systems.

2.1.2.1. Platforms supported by Debian/armel

The following platforms are supported by Debian/armel; they require platform-specific kernels.

IXP4xx

The Intel IXP4xx processor series is used in network attached storage devices like the Linksys NSLU2.

Kirkwood

Kirkwood — это система в микросхеме (SoC) производства Marvell, где в один чип встроены процессор ARM, Ethernet, SATA, USB и другие элементы. В данный момент поддерживаются следующие устройства, основывающиеся на Kirkwood: OpenRD (OpenRD-Base, OpenRD-Client и OpenRD-Ultimate), plug computers (SheevaPlug, GuruPlug и DreamPlug) и QNAP Turbo Station (все модели TS-11x, TS-21x и TS-41) и сетевые устройства хранения LaCie (Network Space v2, Network Space Max v2, Internet Space v2, d2 Network v2, 2Big Network v2 и 5Big Network v2).

Orion5x

Orion — это система в микросхеме (SoC) производства Marvell, где в один чип встроены процессор ARM, Ethernet, SATA, USB и другие элементы. На рынке имеется много устройств сетевых хранилищ (NAS), в которых используется Orion. В данный момент поддерживаются следующие устройства, основывающиеся на Orion: Buffalo Kurobox, D-Link DNS-323 и HP mv2120.

Versatile

Платформа Versatile эмулируется QEMU и поэтому замечательно подходит для тестирования и запуска Debian на ARM, если у вас нет такой аппаратуры.

2.1.2.2. Platforms no longer supported by Debian/armel

IOP32x

Intel's I/O Processor (IOP) line is found in a number of products related to data storage and processing, such as the GLAN Tank from IO-Data and the Thecus N2100. Debian has supported the IOP32x platform in Debian 7, but does not support it anymore from version 8 on due to hardware constraints of the platform which make it unsuitable for the installation of newer Debian releases.

MV78xx0

The MV78xx0 platform has been used on the Marvell DB-78xx0-BP development board. It was supported in Debian 7 with a platform-specific kernel (based on the Linux kernel version 3.2), but is not supported anymore from Debian 8 onwards.

2.1.2.3. Platforms supported by Debian/armhf

The following systems are known to work with Debian/armhf using the multiplatform (armmp) kernel:

Freescale MX53 Quick Start Board

The IMX53QSB is a development board based on the i.MX53 SOC.

Versatile Express

The Versatile Express is a development board series from ARM consisting of a baseboard which can be equipped with various CPU daughterboards.

Certain Allwinner sunXi-based development boards and embedded systems

The armmp kernel supports several development boards and embedded systems based on the Allwinner A10 (architecture codename «sun4i») and A20 (architecture codename «sun7i») SOCs. Full installer support is currently available for the following sunXi-based systems:

  • Cubietech Cubieboard 1 + 2 / Cubietruck

  • LeMaker Banana Pi

  • LinkSprite pcDuino

  • Mele A1000

  • Miniand Hackberry

  • Olimex A10-Olinuxino-LIME / A10s-Olinuxino Micro / A13-Olinuxino / A13-Olinuxino Micro / A20-Olinuxino-LIME / A20-Olinuxino Micro

  • PineRiver Mini X-Plus

System support for Allwinner sunXi-based devices is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel. The android-derived linux-sunxi.org 3.4 kernel series is not supported by Debian.

The mainline Linux kernel generally supports serial console, ethernet, SATA, USB and MMC/SD-cards on Allwinner A10 and A20 SOCs, but it does not have local display (HDMI/VGA/LVDS) and audio support. The NAND flash memory that is built into some sunXi-based systems is not supported.

SolidRun Cubox-i2eX / Cubox-i4Pro

The Cubox-i series is a set of small, cubical-shaped systems based on the Freescale i.MX6 SOC family. System support for the Cubox-i series is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel; the Freescale 3.0 kernel series for the Cubox-i is not supported by Debian. Available drivers in the mainline kernel include serial console, ethernet, USB, MMC/SD-card and display support over HDMI (console and X11). In addition to that, the eSATA port on the Cubox-i4Pro is supported.

Wandboard Quad

The Wandboard Quad is a development board based on the Freescale i.MX6 Quad SoC. System support for it is limited to drivers and device-tree information available in the mainline Linux kernel; the wandboard-specific 3.0 and 3.10 kernel series from wandboard.org are not supported by Debian. The mainline kernel includes driver support for serial console, display via HDMI (console and X11), ethernet, USB, MMC/SD and SATA. Support for the onboard audio options (analog, S/PDIF, HDMI-Audio) and for the onboard WLAN/Bluetooth module is not available in Debian 8.

Generally, the ARM multiplatform support in the Linux kernel allows running debian-installer on armhf systems not explicitly listed above, as long as the kernel used by debian-installer has support for the target system's components and a device-tree file for the target is available. In these cases, the installer can usually provide a working userland installation, but it probably cannot automatically make the system bootable, as doing that in many cases requires device-specific information.

When using debian-installer on such systems, you have to manually make the system bootable at the end of the installation, e.g. by running the required commands in a shell started from within debian-installer.

2.1.2.4. Platforms no longer supported by Debian/armhf

EfikaMX

The EfikaMX platform (Genesi Efika Smartbook and Genesi EfikaMX nettop) has been supported in Debian 7 with a platform-specific kernel, but is not supported anymore from Debian 8 onwards. The code required to build the formerly used platform-specific kernel has been removed from the upstream Linux kernel source in 2012, so Debian cannot provide newer builds.

Using the armmp multiplatform kernel on the EfikaMX platform would require device-tree support for it, which is currently not available.

2.1.3. Поддержка видеокарт

Список поддерживаемых графических шин, карт, мониторов и устройств ввода можно найти на http://xorg.freedesktop.org/. Debian 8 поставляется с X.Org версии 7.7.

2.1.4. Аппаратура для подключения к сети

Почти любая сетевая плата (NIC), поддерживаемая ядром Linux, должна поддерживаться системой установки; драйверы модулей должны загрузиться автоматически.

На ARM поддерживается большинство встроенных устройств Ethernet и предоставляются модули для дополнительных устройств PCI и USB.

2.1.5. Периферия и другое оборудование

Linux supports a large variety of hardware devices such as mice, printers, scanners, PCMCIA/CardBus/ExpressCard and USB devices. However, most of these devices are not required while installing the system.