<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
  <sect1 id="Geometry_Constructors">
	  <title>Geometry Constructors</title>
		<refentry id="ST_BdPolyFromText">
		  <refnamediv>
			<refname>ST_BdPolyFromText</refname>

			<refpurpose>Construct a Polygon given an arbitrary collection of closed
			linestrings as a MultiLineString Well-Known text representation.</refpurpose>
		  </refnamediv>

		  <refsynopsisdiv>
			<funcsynopsis>
			  <funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_BdPolyFromText</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
				<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
			  </funcprototype>
			</funcsynopsis>
		  </refsynopsisdiv>

		  <refsection>
			<title>Description</title>

			<para>Construct a Polygon given an arbitrary collection of closed
			linestrings as a MultiLineString Well-Known text representation.</para>

			<!-- optionally mention that this function uses indexes if appropriate -->
			<note>
				<para>Throws an error if WKT is not a MULTILINESTRING. Throws an
			error if output is a MULTIPOLYGON; use ST_BdMPolyFromText in that case, or
			see ST_BuildArea() for a
			postgis-specific approach.</para>
			</note>

			 <para>&sfs_compliant; s3.2.6.2</para>

			 <para>Availability: 1.1.0 - requires GEOS &gt;= 2.1.0.</para>
		  </refsection>

		  <refsection>
			<title>Examples</title>

			<programlisting>Forthcoming</programlisting>
		  </refsection>

		  <refsection>
			<title>See Also</title>
			<para><xref linkend="ST_BuildArea" />, <xref linkend="ST_BdMPolyFromText" /></para>
		  </refsection>
		</refentry>

		<refentry id="ST_BdMPolyFromText">
			<refnamediv>
				<refname>ST_BdMPolyFromText</refname>
				<refpurpose>Construct a MultiPolygon given an arbitrary collection of
					closed linestrings as a MultiLineString text
					representation Well-Known text representation.</refpurpose>
			</refnamediv>

			<refsynopsisdiv>
				<funcsynopsis>
				  <funcprototype>
					<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_BdMPolyFromText</function></funcdef>
					<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
					<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
				  </funcprototype>
				</funcsynopsis>
			</refsynopsisdiv>

			<refsection>
				<title>Description</title>

				<para>Construct a Polygon given an arbitrary collection of closed
				linestrings, polygons, MultiLineStrings as  Well-Known text representation.</para>

				<!-- optionally mention that this function uses indexes if appropriate -->
				<note>
					 <para>Throws an error if WKT is not a MULTILINESTRING. Forces
					MULTIPOLYGON output even when result is really only composed by a
					single POLYGON; use <link
					linkend="ST_BdPolyFromText">ST_BdPolyFromText</link> if you're sure a
					single POLYGON will result from operation, or see <link
					linkend="ST_BuildArea">ST_BuildArea()</link> for a postgis-specific
					approach.</para>
				</note>

				 <para>&sfs_compliant; s3.2.6.2</para>

				 <para>Availability: 1.1.0 - requires GEOS &gt;= 2.1.0.</para>
			</refsection>

			<refsection>
				<title>Examples</title>

				<programlisting>Forthcoming</programlisting>
			</refsection>

			<refsection>
				<title>See Also</title>
				<para><xref linkend="ST_BuildArea" />, <xref linkend="ST_BdPolyFromText" /></para>
			</refsection>
	</refentry>
	
		<refentry id="ST_Box2dFromGeoHash">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_Box2dFromGeoHash</refname>

		<refpurpose>Return a BOX2D from a GeoHash string.</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
			<funcprototype>
				<funcdef>box2d <function>ST_Box2dFromGeoHash</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>geohash</parameter></paramdef>
				<paramdef choice="opt"><type>integer </type> <parameter>precision=full_precision_of_geohash</parameter></paramdef>
			</funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		<para>Return a BOX2D from a GeoHash string.</para>

		<para>If no <varname>precision</varname> is specficified ST_Box2dFromGeoHash returns a BOX2D based on full precision of the input GeoHash string.</para>

		<para>If <varname>precision</varname> is specified ST_Box2dFromGeoHash will use that many characters from the GeoHash to create the BOX2D. Lower precision values results in larger BOX2Ds and larger values increase the precision.</para>

		<para>Availability: 2.1.0</para>
	  </refsection>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>
		<programlisting><![CDATA[SELECT ST_Box2dFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0');

                st_geomfromgeohash
--------------------------------------------------
 BOX(-115.172816 36.114646,-115.172816 36.114646)

SELECT ST_Box2dFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 0);

 st_box2dfromgeohash
----------------------
 BOX(-180 -90,180 90)

 SELECT ST_Box2dFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 10);
                            st_box2dfromgeohash
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 BOX(-115.17282128334 36.1146408319473,-115.172810554504 36.1146461963654)
		]]>
		</programlisting>
	  </refsection>
	 <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="ST_GeoHash" />, <xref linkend="ST_GeomFromGeoHash" />, <xref linkend="ST_PointFromGeoHash" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>
	
	<refentry id="ST_GeogFromText">
		  <refnamediv>
			<refname>ST_GeogFromText</refname>
			<refpurpose>Return a specified geography value from Well-Known Text representation or extended (WKT). </refpurpose>
		  </refnamediv>
		  <refsynopsisdiv>
			<funcsynopsis>
			  <funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geography <function>ST_GeogFromText</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>EWKT</parameter></paramdef>
			  </funcprototype>
			</funcsynopsis>
		  </refsynopsisdiv>
		  <refsection>
			<title>Description</title>
			<para>Returns a geography object from the  well-known text or extended well-known representation.  SRID 4326 is assumed. This
				is an alias for ST_GeographyFromText.  Points are always expressed in long lat form.</para>
		  </refsection>
		  
		 <refsection>
		 	<title>Examples</title>
			<programlisting>
--- converting lon lat coords to geography
ALTER TABLE sometable ADD COLUMN geog geography(POINT,4326);
UPDATE sometable SET geog = ST_GeogFromText('SRID=4326;POINT(' || lon || ' ' || lat || ')');		
			</programlisting>
		 </refsection>
		  <refsection>
			<title>See Also</title>
			<para><xref linkend="ST_AsText" />, <xref linkend="ST_GeographyFromText" /></para>
		  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_GeographyFromText">
		  <refnamediv>
			<refname>ST_GeographyFromText</refname>
			<refpurpose>Return a specified geography value from Well-Known Text representation or extended (WKT). </refpurpose>
		  </refnamediv>
		  <refsynopsisdiv>
			<funcsynopsis>
			  <funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geography <function>ST_GeographyFromText</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>EWKT</parameter></paramdef>
			  </funcprototype>
			</funcsynopsis>
		  </refsynopsisdiv>
		  <refsection>
			<title>Description</title>
			<para>Returns a geography object from the  well-known text representation.  SRID 4326 is assumed.</para>
			<!-- TODO: put in example -->
		  </refsection>
		  <refsection>
			<title>See Also</title>
			<para><xref linkend="ST_GeogFromText" />, <xref linkend="ST_AsText" /></para>
		  </refsection>
	</refentry>
	
	<refentry id="ST_GeogFromWKB">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_GeogFromWKB</refname>
		<refpurpose>Creates a geography instance from a Well-Known Binary geometry
		representation (WKB) or extended Well Known Binary (EWKB).</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geography <function>ST_GeogFromWKB</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>bytea </type> <parameter>geom</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		<para>The <varname>ST_GeogFromWKB</varname> function, takes a well-known
		binary representation (WKB) of a geometry or PostGIS Extended WKB and creates an instance of the appropriate
		geography type. This function plays the role of the Geometry Factory in
		SQL. </para>

		<para>If SRID is not specified, it defaults to 4326 (WGS 84 long lat).</para>

		<para>&curve_support;</para>

	  </refsection>


	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>

		<programlisting>--Although bytea rep contains single \, these need to be escaped when inserting into a table
SELECT ST_AsText(
ST_GeogFromWKB(E'\\001\\002\\000\\000\\000\\002\\000\\000\\000\\037\\205\\353Q\\270~\\\\\\300\\323Mb\\020X\\231C@\\020X9\\264\\310~\\\\\\300)\\\\\\217\\302\\365\\230C@')
);
					  st_astext
------------------------------------------------------
 LINESTRING(-113.98 39.198,-113.981 39.195)
(1 row)

</programlisting>
	  </refsection>
	   <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="ST_GeogFromText" />, <xref linkend="ST_AsBinary" /></para>
	  </refsection>
</refentry>


	<refentry id="ST_GeomCollFromText">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_GeomCollFromText</refname>

		<refpurpose>Makes a collection Geometry from collection WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
			not give, it defaults to 0.</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeomCollFromText</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>

		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeomCollFromText</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>

		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		  <para>Makes a collection Geometry from the Well-Known-Text (WKT) representation with the given SRID. If SRID is
			not give, it defaults to 0.</para>

		  <para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance suite</para>

		  <para>Returns null if the WKT is not a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION</para>
		 <note>
			<para>If you are absolutely sure all your WKT geometries are collections, don't use this function.
				It is slower than ST_GeomFromText since it adds an additional validation step.
			</para>
		</note>

		<para>&sfs_compliant; s3.2.6.2</para>
		<para>&sqlmm_compliant;</para>

	  </refsection>


	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>

		<programlisting>SELECT ST_GeomCollFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(POINT(1 2),LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4))');
</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="ST_GeomFromText" />, <xref linkend="ST_SRID" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>


	<refentry id="ST_GeomFromEWKB">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_GeomFromEWKB</refname>
		<refpurpose>Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Extended Well-Known Binary representation (EWKB).</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeomFromEWKB</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>bytea </type> <parameter>EWKB</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>
		<para>Constructs a PostGIS ST_Geometry object from the OGC Extended Well-Known binary (EWKT) representation.</para>
		<note>
			<para>The EWKB format is not an OGC standard, but a PostGIS specific format that includes the spatial reference system (SRID)
			identifier</para>
		</note>
		<para>Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces and TIN was introduced.</para>
		<para>&Z_support;</para>
		<para>&curve_support;</para>
		<para>&P_support;</para>
		<para>&T_support;</para>
	  </refsection>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>
		<para>line string binary rep 0f
		LINESTRING(-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932) in NAD 83 long lat (4269).</para>
		<note><para>NOTE: Even though byte arrays are delimited with \ and may have ', we need to escape both out with \ and '' if standard_conforming_strings is off.  So it does not
			look exactly like its AsEWKB representation.</para></note>
	<programlisting>SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKB(E'\\001\\002\\000\\000 \\255\\020\\000\\000\\003\\000\\000\\000\\344J=
\\013B\\312Q\\300n\\303(\\010\\036!E@''\\277E''K
\\312Q\\300\\366{b\\235*!E@\\225|\\354.P\\312Q
\\300p\\231\\323e1!E@');</programlisting>

		<note><para>In PostgreSQL 9.1+ - standard_conforming_strings is set to on by default, where as in past versions it was set to on.  You can change defaults as needed
		    for a single query or at the database or server level.  Below is how you would do it with standard_conforming_strings = on.  In this case we escape the ' with standard ansi ',
		    but slashes are not escaped</para></note>
	<programlisting>
	    set standard_conforming_strings = on;
SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKB('\001\002\000\000 \255\020\000\000\003\000\000\000\344J=\012\013B
    \312Q\300n\303(\010\036!E@''\277E''K\012\312Q\300\366{b\235*!E@\225|\354.P\312Q\012\300p\231\323e1')</programlisting>
	  </refsection>
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>
		<para><xref linkend="ST_AsBinary" />, <xref linkend="ST_AsEWKB" />, <xref linkend="ST_GeomFromWKB" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_GeomFromEWKT">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_GeomFromEWKT</refname>
		<refpurpose>Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Extended Well-Known Text representation (EWKT).</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeomFromEWKT</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>EWKT</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>
		<para>Constructs a PostGIS ST_Geometry object from the OGC Extended Well-Known text (EWKT) representation.</para>
		<note>
			<para>The EWKT format is not an OGC standard, but an PostGIS specific format that includes the spatial reference system (SRID)
			identifier</para>
		</note>
		<para>Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces and TIN was introduced.</para>
		<para>&Z_support;</para>
		<para>&curve_support;</para>
		<para>&P_support;</para>
		<para>&T_support;</para>
	  </refsection>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>
	<programlisting>SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;LINESTRING(-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932)');
SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;MULTILINESTRING((-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932))');

SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)');

SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;POLYGON((-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571,-71.1776820268866 42.3903701743239,
-71.1776063012595 42.3903825660754,-71.1775826583081 42.3903033653531,-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571))');

SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('SRID=4269;MULTIPOLYGON(((-71.1031880899493 42.3152774590236,
-71.1031627617667 42.3152960829043,-71.102923838298 42.3149156848307,
-71.1023097974109 42.3151969047397,-71.1019285062273 42.3147384934248,
-71.102505233663 42.3144722937587,-71.10277487471 42.3141658254797,
-71.103113945163 42.3142739188902,-71.10324876416 42.31402489987,
-71.1033002961013 42.3140393340215,-71.1033488797549 42.3139495090772,
-71.103396240451 42.3138632439557,-71.1041521907712 42.3141153348029,
-71.1041411411543 42.3141545014533,-71.1041287795912 42.3142114839058,
-71.1041188134329 42.3142693656241,-71.1041112482575 42.3143272556118,
-71.1041072845732 42.3143851580048,-71.1041057218871 42.3144430686681,
-71.1041065602059 42.3145009876017,-71.1041097995362 42.3145589148055,
-71.1041166403905 42.3146168544148,-71.1041258822717 42.3146748022936,
-71.1041375307579 42.3147318674446,-71.1041492906949 42.3147711126569,
-71.1041598612795 42.314808571739,-71.1042515013869 42.3151287620809,
-71.1041173835118 42.3150739481917,-71.1040809891419 42.3151344119048,
-71.1040438678912 42.3151191367447,-71.1040194562988 42.3151832057859,
-71.1038734225584 42.3151140942995,-71.1038446938243 42.3151006300338,
-71.1038315271889 42.315094347535,-71.1037393329282 42.315054824985,
-71.1035447555574 42.3152608696313,-71.1033436658644 42.3151648370544,
-71.1032580383161 42.3152269126061,-71.103223066939 42.3152517403219,
-71.1031880899493 42.3152774590236)),
((-71.1043632495873 42.315113108546,-71.1043583974082 42.3151211109857,
-71.1043443253471 42.3150676015829,-71.1043850704575 42.3150793250568,-71.1043632495873 42.315113108546)))');
</programlisting>
<programlisting>
--3d circular string
SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415 1,220227 150505 2,220227 150406 3)');
</programlisting>
<programlisting>
--Polyhedral Surface example
SELECT ST_GeomFromEWKT('POLYHEDRALSURFACE( 
	((0 0 0, 0 0 1, 0 1 1, 0 1 0, 0 0 0)),  
	((0 0 0, 0 1 0, 1 1 0, 1 0 0, 0 0 0)), 
	((0 0 0, 1 0 0, 1 0 1, 0 0 1, 0 0 0)), 
	((1 1 0, 1 1 1, 1 0 1, 1 0 0, 1 1 0)),  
	((0 1 0, 0 1 1, 1 1 1, 1 1 0, 0 1 0)),  
	((0 0 1, 1 0 1, 1 1 1, 0 1 1, 0 0 1)) 
)');
</programlisting>
	  </refsection>
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>
		<para><xref linkend="ST_AsEWKT" />, <xref linkend="ST_GeomFromText" />, <xref linkend="ST_GeomFromEWKT" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>
	<refentry id="ST_GeometryFromText">
		  <refnamediv>
			<refname>ST_GeometryFromText</refname>
			<refpurpose>Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Text representation (WKT).  This is an alias name for ST_GeomFromText</refpurpose>
		  </refnamediv>
		  <refsynopsisdiv>
			<funcsynopsis>
			  <funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeometryFromText</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
			  </funcprototype>
			  <funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeometryFromText</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
				<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
			  </funcprototype>
			</funcsynopsis>
		  </refsynopsisdiv>
		  <refsection>
			<title>Description</title>
			<para>&sfs_compliant;</para>
			<para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 5.1.40</para>
		  </refsection>
		  <refsection>
			<title>See Also</title>
			<para><xref linkend="ST_GeomFromText" /></para>
		  </refsection>
	</refentry>


	<refentry id="ST_GeomFromGeoHash">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_GeomFromGeoHash</refname>

		<refpurpose>Return a geometry from a GeoHash string.</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
			<funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeomFromGeoHash</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>geohash</parameter></paramdef>
				<paramdef choice="opt"><type>integer </type> <parameter>precision=full_precision_of_geohash</parameter></paramdef>
			</funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		<para>Return a geometry from a GeoHash string. The geometry will be a polygon representing the GeoHash bounds.</para>

		<para>If no <varname>precision</varname> is specficified ST_GeomFromGeoHash returns a polygon based on full precision of the input GeoHash string.</para>

		<para>If <varname>precision</varname> is specified ST_GeomFromGeoHash will use that many characters from the GeoHash to create the polygon.</para>

		<para>Availability: 2.1.0</para>
	  </refsection>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>
		<programlisting><![CDATA[SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0'));
                                                        st_astext
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 POLYGON((-115.172816 36.114646,-115.172816 36.114646,-115.172816 36.114646,-115.172816 36.114646,-115.172816 36.114646))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 4));
                                                          st_astext
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 POLYGON((-115.3125 36.03515625,-115.3125 36.2109375,-114.9609375 36.2109375,-114.9609375 36.03515625,-115.3125 36.03515625))

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 10));
                                                                                       st_astext
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 POLYGON((-115.17282128334 36.1146408319473,-115.17282128334 36.1146461963654,-115.172810554504 36.1146461963654,-115.172810554504 36.1146408319473,-115.17282128334 36.1146408319473))
		]]>
		</programlisting>
	  </refsection>
	 <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="ST_GeoHash" />,<xref linkend="ST_Box2dFromGeoHash" />, <xref linkend="ST_PointFromGeoHash" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_GeomFromGML">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_GeomFromGML</refname>
		<refpurpose>Takes as input GML representation of geometry and outputs a PostGIS geometry object</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeomFromGML</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>geomgml</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeomFromGML</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>geomgml</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>
		<para>Constructs a PostGIS ST_Geometry object from the OGC GML representation.</para>
		<para>ST_GeomFromGML works only for GML Geometry fragments. It throws an error if you try to use it on a whole GML document.</para>
		<para>
			OGC GML versions supported:
			<itemizedlist>
				<listitem>
				  <para>GML 3.2.1 Namespace</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
				  <para>GML 3.1.1 Simple Features profile SF-2 (with GML 3.1.0 and 3.0.0 backward compatibility)</para>
				</listitem>
				<listitem>
				  <para>GML 2.1.2</para>
				</listitem>
			</itemizedlist>
			OGC GML standards, cf: <ulink url="http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/gml">http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/gml</ulink>:
		</para>

		<para>Availability: 1.5, requires libxml2 1.6+</para>
		<para>Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces and TIN was introduced.</para>
		<para>Enhanced: 2.0.0 default srid optional parameter added.</para>
		<para>&Z_support;</para>
		<para>&P_support;</para>
		<para>&T_support;</para>
		<para>GML allow mixed dimensions (2D and 3D inside the same MultiGeometry for instance). As PostGIS geometries don't, ST_GeomFromGML convert the whole geometry to 2D if a missing Z dimension is found once.</para>
		
		<para>GML support mixed SRS inside the same MultiGeometry. As PostGIS geometries don't, ST_GeomFromGML, in this case, reproject all subgeometries to the SRS root node. If no srsName attribute available for the GML root node, the function throw an error.</para>
		
		<para>ST_GeomFromGML function is not pedantic about an explicit GML namespace. You could avoid to mention it explicitly for common usages. But you need it if you want to use XLink feature inside GML.</para>
		<note>
			<para>ST_GeomFromGML function not support SQL/MM curves geometries.</para>
		</note>
		
	  </refsection>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples - A single geometry with srsName</title>
		<programlisting>SELECT ST_GeomFromGML('<![CDATA[
		<gml:LineString srsName="EPSG:4269">
			<gml:coordinates>
				-71.16028,42.258729 -71.160837,42.259112 -71.161143,42.25932
			</gml:coordinates>
		</gml:LineString>']]>);
		</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples - XLink usage</title>
		<programlisting>SELECT <![CDATA[ST_GeomFromGML('
		<gml:LineString xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml" 
				xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
				srsName="urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4269">
			<gml:pointProperty>
				<gml:Point gml:id="p1"><gml:pos>42.258729 -71.16028</gml:pos></gml:Point>
			</gml:pointProperty>
			<gml:pos>42.259112 -71.160837</gml:pos>
			<gml:pointProperty>
				<gml:Point xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="#p1"/>
			</gml:pointProperty>
		</gml:LineString>');]]>);
		</programlisting>
	  </refsection>
	  
	 <refsection>
		<title>Examples - Polyhedral Surface</title>
		<programlisting>SELECT ST_AsEWKT(<![CDATA[ST_GeomFromGML('
<gml:PolyhedralSurface>
<gml:polygonPatches>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
      <gml:LinearRing><gml:posList srsDimension="3">0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0</gml:posList></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
    	<gml:LinearRing><gml:posList srsDimension="3">0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0</gml:posList></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
    	<gml:LinearRing><gml:posList srsDimension="3">0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0</gml:posList></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
    	<gml:LinearRing><gml:posList srsDimension="3">1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0</gml:posList></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
    	<gml:LinearRing><gml:posList srsDimension="3">0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0</gml:posList></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
  <gml:PolygonPatch>
    <gml:exterior>
    	<gml:LinearRing><gml:posList srsDimension="3">0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1</gml:posList></gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:exterior>
  </gml:PolygonPatch>
</gml:polygonPatches>
</gml:PolyhedralSurface>']]>));

-- result --
 POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((0 0 0,0 0 1,0 1 1,0 1 0,0 0 0)),
 ((0 0 0,0 1 0,1 1 0,1 0 0,0 0 0)),
 ((0 0 0,1 0 0,1 0 1,0 0 1,0 0 0)),
 ((1 1 0,1 1 1,1 0 1,1 0 0,1 1 0)),
 ((0 1 0,0 1 1,1 1 1,1 1 0,0 1 0)),
 ((0 0 1,1 0 1,1 1 1,0 1 1,0 0 1)))
		</programlisting>
	  </refsection>


	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>
		<para><xref linkend="installation_configuration" />, <xref linkend="ST_AsGML" />, <xref linkend="ST_GMLToSQL" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>
	
	<refentry id="ST_GeomFromGeoJSON">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_GeomFromGeoJSON</refname>
		<refpurpose>Takes as input a geojson representation of a geometry and outputs a PostGIS geometry object</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeomFromGeoJSON</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>geomjson</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>
		<para>Constructs a PostGIS geometry object from the GeoJSON representation.</para>
		<para>ST_GeomFromGeoJSON works only for JSON Geometry fragments. It throws an error if you try to use it on a whole JSON document.</para>
		
		<para>Availability: 2.0.0 requires - JSON-C &gt;= 0.9</para>
		<note><para>If you do not have JSON-C enabled, support you will get an error notice instead of seeing an output.
			To enable JSON-C, run configure --with-jsondir=/path/to/json-c.  See <xref linkend="installation_configuration" /> for details.</para></note>
		<para>&Z_support;</para>
	  </refsection>
 
	 <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>
		<programlisting>SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoJSON('{"type":"Point","coordinates":[-48.23456,20.12345]}')) As wkt;
wkt
------
POINT(-48.23456 20.12345)
</programlisting>
<programlisting>-- a 3D linestring
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_GeomFromGeoJSON('{"type":"LineString","coordinates":[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]}')) As wkt;

wkt
-------------------
LINESTRING(1 2,4 5,7 8)
</programlisting> 
	  </refsection>


	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>
		<para><xref linkend="ST_AsText" />, <xref linkend="ST_AsGeoJSON" />, <xref linkend="installation_configuration" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>
	
	<refentry id="ST_GeomFromKML">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_GeomFromKML</refname>
		<refpurpose>Takes as input KML representation of geometry and outputs a PostGIS geometry object</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeomFromKML</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>geomkml</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>
		<para>Constructs a PostGIS ST_Geometry object from the OGC KML representation.</para>
		<para>ST_GeomFromKML works only for KML Geometry fragments. It throws an error if you try to use it on a whole KML document.</para>
		<para>
			OGC KML versions supported:
			<itemizedlist>
				<listitem>
				  <para>KML 2.2.0 Namespace</para>
				</listitem>
			</itemizedlist>
			OGC KML standards, cf: <ulink url="http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/kml">http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/kml</ulink>:
		</para>

		<para>Availability: 1.5,libxml2 2.6+</para>
		<para>&Z_support;</para>
		<note>
			<para>ST_GeomFromKML function not support SQL/MM curves geometries.</para>
		</note>
		
	  </refsection>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples - A single geometry with srsName</title>
		<programlisting>SELECT ST_GeomFromKML('<![CDATA[
		<LineString>
			<coordinates>-71.1663,42.2614 
				-71.1667,42.2616</coordinates>
		</LineString>']]>);
		</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>
		<para><xref linkend="installation_configuration" />, <xref linkend="ST_AsKML" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_GMLToSQL">
		  <refnamediv>
			<refname>ST_GMLToSQL</refname>
			<refpurpose>Return a specified ST_Geometry value from GML representation.  This is an alias name for ST_GeomFromGML</refpurpose>
		  </refnamediv>
	  	<refsynopsisdiv>
			<funcsynopsis>
		  	<funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GMLToSQL</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>geomgml</parameter></paramdef>
		  	</funcprototype>
		  	<funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GMLToSQL</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>geomgml</parameter></paramdef>
				<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
		  	</funcprototype>
			</funcsynopsis>
	  	</refsynopsisdiv>
		  <refsection>
			<title>Description</title>
			<para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 5.1.50 (except for curves support).</para>
			<para>Availability: 1.5, requires libxml2 1.6+</para>
		        <para>Enhanced: 2.0.0 support for Polyhedral surfaces and TIN was introduced.</para>
		        <para>Enhanced: 2.0.0 default srid optional parameter added.</para>
		  </refsection>
		  <refsection>
			<title>See Also</title>
			<para><xref linkend="installation_configuration" />, <xref linkend="ST_GeomFromGML" />, <xref linkend="ST_AsGML" /></para>
		  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_GeomFromText">
		  <refnamediv>
			<refname>ST_GeomFromText</refname>
			<refpurpose>Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Text representation (WKT).</refpurpose>
		  </refnamediv>
		  <refsynopsisdiv>
			<funcsynopsis>
			  <funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeomFromText</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
			  </funcprototype>
			  <funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeomFromText</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
				<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
			  </funcprototype>
			</funcsynopsis>
		  </refsynopsisdiv>

		  <refsection>
			<title>Description</title>

			<para>Constructs a PostGIS ST_Geometry object from the OGC Well-Known text representation.</para>

			<!-- optionally mention that this function uses indexes if appropriate -->
			<note>
				<para>There are 2 variants of ST_GeomFromText function, the first takes no SRID and returns a geometry
					with no defined spatial reference system.  The second takes a spatial reference id as the second argument
					and returns an ST_Geometry that includes this srid as part of its meta-data.  The srid must be defined
					in the spatial_ref_sys table.</para>
			</note>

			<para>&sfs_compliant; s3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance suite.</para>
			<para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 5.1.40</para>
			<para>&curve_support;</para>
			<warning><para>Changed: 2.0.0 In prior versions of PostGIS ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(EMPTY)') was allowed.  This is now illegal in PostGIS 2.0.0 to better conform with SQL/MM standards. This should now be
			    written as ST_GeomFromText('GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY')</para></warning>

		  </refsection>

		  <refsection>
			<title>Examples</title>
	<programlisting>SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932)');
SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932)',4269);

SELECT ST_GeomFromText('MULTILINESTRING((-71.160281 42.258729,-71.160837 42.259113,-71.161144 42.25932))');

SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)');

SELECT ST_GeomFromText('POLYGON((-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571,-71.1776820268866 42.3903701743239,
-71.1776063012595 42.3903825660754,-71.1775826583081 42.3903033653531,-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571))');

SELECT ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(((-71.1031880899493 42.3152774590236,
-71.1031627617667 42.3152960829043,-71.102923838298 42.3149156848307,
-71.1023097974109 42.3151969047397,-71.1019285062273 42.3147384934248,
-71.102505233663 42.3144722937587,-71.10277487471 42.3141658254797,
-71.103113945163 42.3142739188902,-71.10324876416 42.31402489987,
-71.1033002961013 42.3140393340215,-71.1033488797549 42.3139495090772,
-71.103396240451 42.3138632439557,-71.1041521907712 42.3141153348029,
-71.1041411411543 42.3141545014533,-71.1041287795912 42.3142114839058,
-71.1041188134329 42.3142693656241,-71.1041112482575 42.3143272556118,
-71.1041072845732 42.3143851580048,-71.1041057218871 42.3144430686681,
-71.1041065602059 42.3145009876017,-71.1041097995362 42.3145589148055,
-71.1041166403905 42.3146168544148,-71.1041258822717 42.3146748022936,
-71.1041375307579 42.3147318674446,-71.1041492906949 42.3147711126569,
-71.1041598612795 42.314808571739,-71.1042515013869 42.3151287620809,
-71.1041173835118 42.3150739481917,-71.1040809891419 42.3151344119048,
-71.1040438678912 42.3151191367447,-71.1040194562988 42.3151832057859,
-71.1038734225584 42.3151140942995,-71.1038446938243 42.3151006300338,
-71.1038315271889 42.315094347535,-71.1037393329282 42.315054824985,
-71.1035447555574 42.3152608696313,-71.1033436658644 42.3151648370544,
-71.1032580383161 42.3152269126061,-71.103223066939 42.3152517403219,
-71.1031880899493 42.3152774590236)),
((-71.1043632495873 42.315113108546,-71.1043583974082 42.3151211109857,
-71.1043443253471 42.3150676015829,-71.1043850704575 42.3150793250568,-71.1043632495873 42.315113108546)))',4326);

SELECT ST_GeomFromText('CIRCULARSTRING(220268 150415,220227 150505,220227 150406)');
	</programlisting>
		  </refsection>
		  <refsection>
			<title>See Also</title>
			<para><xref linkend="ST_GeomFromEWKT" />, <xref linkend="ST_GeomFromWKB" />, <xref linkend="ST_SRID" /></para>
		  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_GeomFromWKB">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_GeomFromWKB</refname>
		<refpurpose>Creates a geometry instance from a Well-Known Binary geometry
		representation (WKB) and optional SRID.</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeomFromWKB</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>bytea </type> <parameter>geom</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>

		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeomFromWKB</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>bytea </type> <parameter>geom</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		<para>The <varname>ST_GeomFromWKB</varname> function, takes a well-known
		binary representation of a geometry and a Spatial Reference System ID
		(<varname>SRID</varname>) and creates an instance of the appropriate
		geometry type. This function plays the role of the Geometry Factory in
		SQL. This is an alternate name for ST_WKBToSQL.</para>

		<para>If SRID is not specified, it defaults to 0 (Unknown).</para>
		<para>&sfs_compliant; s3.2.7.2 - the optional SRID is from the conformance suite</para>
		<para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 5.1.41</para>
		<para>&curve_support;</para>
	  </refsection>


	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>

		<programlisting>--Although bytea rep contains single \, these need to be escaped when inserting into a table 
		-- unless standard_conforming_strings is set to on.
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(
ST_GeomFromWKB(E'\\001\\002\\000\\000\\000\\002\\000\\000\\000\\037\\205\\353Q\\270~\\\\\\300\\323Mb\\020X\\231C@\\020X9\\264\\310~\\\\\\300)\\\\\\217\\302\\365\\230C@',4326)
);
					  st_asewkt
------------------------------------------------------
 SRID=4326;LINESTRING(-113.98 39.198,-113.981 39.195)
(1 row)

SELECT
  ST_AsText(
	ST_GeomFromWKB(
	  ST_AsEWKB('POINT(2 5)'::geometry)
	)
  );
 st_astext
------------
 POINT(2 5)
(1 row)</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="ST_WKBToSQL" />, <xref linkend="ST_AsBinary" />, <xref linkend="ST_GeomFromEWKB" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_LineFromMultiPoint">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_LineFromMultiPoint</refname>

		<refpurpose>Creates a LineString from a MultiPoint geometry.</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_LineFromMultiPoint</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>aMultiPoint</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		<para>Creates a LineString from a MultiPoint geometry.</para>
		<para>&Z_support;</para>

	  </refsection>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>

		<programlisting>
--Create a 3d line string from a 3d multipoint
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_LineFromMultiPoint(ST_GeomFromEWKT('MULTIPOINT(1 2 3, 4 5 6, 7 8 9)')));
--result--
LINESTRING(1 2 3,4 5 6,7 8 9)
		</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="ST_AsEWKT" />, <xref linkend="ST_Collect" />, <xref linkend="ST_MakeLine" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_LineFromText">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_LineFromText</refname>

		<refpurpose>Makes a Geometry from WKT representation with the given SRID. If SRID is
				not given, it defaults to 0.</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_LineFromText</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>

		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_LineFromText</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		<para>Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
				not give, it defaults to 0.  If WKT passed in is not a LINESTRING, then null is returned.  </para>

		<note>
		  <para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
				suite.</para>
		</note>

		<note>
		  <para>If you know all your geometries are LINESTRINGS, its more efficient to just use ST_GeomFromText.
			This just calls ST_GeomFromText and adds additional validation that it returns a linestring.</para>
		</note>


		<para>&sfs_compliant; s3.2.6.2</para>
		<para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 7.2.8</para>

	  </refsection>


	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>

		<programlisting>SELECT ST_LineFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)') AS aline, ST_LineFromText('POINT(1 2)') AS null_return;
aline                            | null_return
------------------------------------------------
010200000002000000000000000000F ... | t
		</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="ST_GeomFromText" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_LineFromWKB">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_LineFromWKB</refname>

		<refpurpose>Makes a <varname>LINESTRING</varname> from WKB with the given SRID</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_LineFromWKB</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>bytea </type> <parameter>WKB</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>

		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_LineFromWKB</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>bytea </type> <parameter>WKB</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

	  <para>The <varname>ST_LineFromWKB</varname> function, takes a well-known binary
		representation of geometry and a Spatial Reference System ID (<varname>SRID</varname>)
		and creates an instance of the appropriate geometry type - in this case, a
		<varname>LINESTRING</varname> geometry. This function plays the role of the Geometry
		Factory in SQL.</para>

	  <para>If an SRID is not specified, it defaults to 0. <varname>NULL</varname> is
		returned if the input <varname>bytea</varname>
		does not represent a <varname>LINESTRING</varname>.</para>

		<note>
		  <para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
				suite.</para>
		</note>

		<note>
		  <para>If you know all your geometries are <varname>LINESTRING</varname>s, its more
		  efficient to just use <xref linkend="ST_GeomFromWKB" />.  This function just
		  calls <xref linkend="ST_GeomFromWKB" /> and adds additional validation that
		  it returns a linestring.</para>
		</note>


		<para>&sfs_compliant; s3.2.6.2</para>
		<para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 7.2.9</para>

	  </refsection>


	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>

		<programlisting>SELECT ST_LineFromWKB(ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)'))) AS aline,
		ST_LineFromWKB(ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'))) IS NULL AS null_return;
aline                            | null_return
------------------------------------------------
010200000002000000000000000000F ... | t
		</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="ST_GeomFromWKB" />, <xref linkend="ST_LinestringFromWKB" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_LinestringFromWKB">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_LinestringFromWKB</refname>

		<refpurpose>Makes a geometry from WKB with the given SRID.</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_LinestringFromWKB</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>bytea </type> <parameter>WKB</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>

		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_LinestringFromWKB</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>bytea </type> <parameter>WKB</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

	  <para>The <varname>ST_LinestringFromWKB</varname> function, takes a well-known binary
		representation of geometry and a Spatial Reference System ID (<varname>SRID</varname>)
		and creates an instance of the appropriate geometry type - in this case, a
		<varname>LINESTRING</varname> geometry. This function plays the role of the Geometry
		Factory in SQL.</para>

	  <para>If an SRID is not specified, it defaults to 0.  <varname>NULL</varname> is
		returned if the input <varname>bytea</varname> does not represent a
		<varname>LINESTRING</varname> geometry. This an alias for <xref linkend="ST_LineFromWKB" />.</para>

		<note>
		  <para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - optional SRID is from the conformance suite.</para>
		</note>

		<note>
		  <para>If you know all your geometries are <varname>LINESTRING</varname>s, it's more
		  efficient to just use <xref linkend="ST_GeomFromWKB" />.  This function just calls
		  <xref linkend="ST_GeomFromWKB" /> and adds additional validation that it returns a
		  <varname>LINESTRING</varname>.</para>
		</note>

		<para>&sfs_compliant; s3.2.6.2</para>
		<para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 7.2.9</para>
	  </refsection>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>

		<programlisting>SELECT
  ST_LineStringFromWKB(
	ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(1 2, 3 4)'))
  ) AS aline,
  ST_LinestringFromWKB(
	ST_AsBinary(ST_GeomFromText('POINT(1 2)'))
  ) IS NULL AS null_return;
   aline                            | null_return
------------------------------------------------
010200000002000000000000000000F ... | t</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="ST_GeomFromWKB" />, <xref linkend="ST_LineFromWKB" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_MakeBox2D">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_MakeBox2D</refname>

		<refpurpose>Creates a BOX2D defined by the given point
			geometries.</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>box2d <function>ST_MakeBox2D</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>pointLowLeft</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>pointUpRight</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		<para>Creates a BOX2D defined by the given point
			geometries.  This is useful for doing range queries</para>
	  </refsection>


	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>

		<programlisting>
--Return all features that fall reside or partly reside in a US national atlas coordinate bounding box
--It is assumed here that the geometries are stored with SRID = 2163 (US National atlas equal area)
SELECT feature_id, feature_name, the_geom
FROM features
WHERE the_geom &amp;&amp; ST_SetSRID(ST_MakeBox2D(ST_Point(-989502.1875, 528439.5625),
	ST_Point(-987121.375 ,529933.1875)),2163)</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="ST_MakePoint" />, <xref linkend="ST_Point" />, <xref linkend="ST_SetSRID" />, <xref linkend="ST_SRID" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_3DMakeBox">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_3DMakeBox</refname>

		<refpurpose>Creates a BOX3D defined by the given 3d point
			geometries.</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>
	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>box3d <function>ST_3DMakeBox</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>point3DLowLeftBottom</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>point3DUpRightTop</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		<para>Creates a BOX3D defined by the given 2 3D point
			geometries. </para>

		<!-- Optionally mention 3d support -->
		<para><inlinemediaobject>
			<imageobject>
			  <imagedata fileref="images/check.png" />
			</imageobject>
		  </inlinemediaobject> This function supports 3d and will not drop the z-index.</para>
		 <para>Changed: 2.0.0 In prior versions this used to be called ST_MakeBox3D</para>
	  </refsection>


	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>

		<programlisting>
SELECT ST_3DMakeBox(ST_MakePoint(-989502.1875, 528439.5625, 10),
	ST_MakePoint(-987121.375 ,529933.1875, 10)) As abb3d

--bb3d--
--------
BOX3D(-989502.1875 528439.5625 10,-987121.375 529933.1875 10)
	</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="ST_MakePoint" />, <xref linkend="ST_SetSRID" />, <xref linkend="ST_SRID" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_MakeLine">
		<refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_MakeLine</refname>

		<refpurpose>Creates a Linestring from point or line geometries.</refpurpose>
		</refnamediv>

		<refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
			<funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_MakeLine</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>geometry set</type> <parameter>geoms</parameter></paramdef>
			</funcprototype>

			<funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_MakeLine</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>geometry</type> <parameter>geom1</parameter></paramdef>
				<paramdef><type>geometry</type> <parameter>geom2</parameter></paramdef>
			</funcprototype>

			<funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_MakeLine</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>geometry[]</type> <parameter>geoms_array</parameter></paramdef>
			</funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
		</refsynopsisdiv>

		<refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		<para>ST_MakeLine comes in 3 forms: a spatial aggregate that takes
			rows of point-or-line geometries and returns a line string, a function that takes an array of point-or-lines, and a regular function that takes two point-or-line geometries. You
			might want to use a subselect to order points before feeding them
			to  the aggregate version of this function.</para>

		<para>
			When adding line components a common node is removed from the output.
		</para>

		<para>&Z_support;</para>
		<para>Availability: 1.4.0 -  ST_MakeLine(geomarray) was introduced. ST_MakeLine aggregate functions was enhanced to handle more points faster.</para>
		<para>Availability: 2.0.0 -  Support for linestring input elements was introduced</para>
		</refsection>

		<refsection>
		<title>Examples: Spatial Aggregate version</title>
		<para>This example takes a sequence of GPS points and creates one record for each
			gps travel where the geometry field is a line string composed of the gps points
			in the order of the travel.</para>

		<programlisting>
-- For pre-PostgreSQL 9.0 - this usually works, 
-- but the planner may on occasion choose not to respect the order of the subquery
SELECT gps.gps_track, ST_MakeLine(gps.the_geom) As newgeom
	FROM (SELECT gps_track,gps_time, the_geom
			FROM gps_points ORDER BY gps_track, gps_time) As gps
	GROUP BY gps.gps_track;</programlisting>
	
		<programlisting>
-- If you are using PostgreSQL 9.0+ 
-- (you can use the new ORDER BY support for aggregates)
-- this is a guaranteed way to get a correctly ordered linestring
-- Your order by part can order by more than one column if needed
SELECT gps.gps_track, ST_MakeLine(gps.the_geom ORDER BY gps_time) As newgeom
	FROM gps_points As gps
	GROUP BY gps.gps_track;</programlisting>
		</refsection>
		<refsection>
			<title>Examples: Non-Spatial Aggregate version</title>

			<para>First example is a simple one off line string composed of 2 points.  The second formulates
				line strings from 2 points a user draws.  The third is a one-off that joins 2 3d points to create a line in 3d space.</para>
			<programlisting>
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_MakeLine(ST_MakePoint(1,2), ST_MakePoint(3,4)));
	  st_astext
---------------------
 LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)

SELECT userpoints.id, ST_MakeLine(startpoint, endpoint) As drawn_line
	FROM userpoints ;

SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_MakeLine(ST_MakePoint(1,2,3), ST_MakePoint(3,4,5)));
		st_asewkt
-------------------------
 LINESTRING(1 2 3,3 4 5)
			</programlisting>
		</refsection>

		<refsection>
			<title>Examples: Using Array version</title>

			<programlisting>
SELECT ST_MakeLine(ARRAY(SELECT ST_Centroid(the_geom) FROM visit_locations ORDER BY visit_time));

--Making a 3d line with 3 3-d points
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_MakeLine(ARRAY[ST_MakePoint(1,2,3),
				ST_MakePoint(3,4,5), ST_MakePoint(6,6,6)]));
		st_asewkt
-------------------------
LINESTRING(1 2 3,3 4 5,6 6 6)
			</programlisting>
		</refsection>

	<!-- TODO: add an example using lines -->

		<refsection>
			<title>See Also</title>
			<para><xref linkend="ST_AsEWKT" />, <xref linkend="ST_AsText" />, <xref linkend="ST_GeomFromText" />, <xref linkend="ST_MakePoint" /></para>
		</refsection>
	</refentry>


	<refentry id="ST_MakeEnvelope">
		<refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_MakeEnvelope</refname>

		<refpurpose>Creates a rectangular Polygon formed from the given minimums and maximums. Input
			values must be in SRS specified by the SRID.</refpurpose>
		</refnamediv>

		<refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_MakeEnvelope</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>double precision</type> <parameter>xmin</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>double precision</type> <parameter>ymin</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>double precision</type> <parameter>xmax</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>double precision</type> <parameter>ymax</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef choice="opt"><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid=unknown</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		 </funcsynopsis>
		</refsynopsisdiv>

		<refsection>
			<title>Description</title>

			<para>Creates a rectangular Polygon formed from the minima and maxima. by the given shell. Input
				values must be in SRS specified by the SRID.  If no SRID is specified the unknown spatial reference system is assumed</para>
				
			<para>Availability: 1.5</para>
			<para>Enhanced: 2.0: Ability to specify an envelope without specifying an SRID was introduced.</para>

		</refsection>

		<refsection>
		<title>Example: Building a bounding box polygon</title>
		 <programlisting>
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_MakeEnvelope(10, 10, 11, 11, 4326));

st_asewkt
-----------
POLYGON((10 10, 10 11, 11 11, 11 10, 10 10))
			  </programlisting>
		</refsection>
		<refsection>
			<title>See Also</title>
			<para><xref linkend="ST_MakePoint" />, <xref linkend="ST_MakeLine" />, <xref linkend="ST_MakePolygon" /></para>
		</refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_MakePolygon">
		<refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_MakePolygon</refname>

		<refpurpose>Creates a Polygon formed by the given shell. Input
			geometries must be closed LINESTRINGS.</refpurpose>
		</refnamediv>

		<refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_MakePolygon</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>geometry</type> <parameter>linestring</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_MakePolygon</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>geometry</type> <parameter>outerlinestring</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>geometry[]</type> <parameter>interiorlinestrings</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
		</refsynopsisdiv>

		<refsection>
			<title>Description</title>

			<para>Creates a Polygon formed by the given shell. Input
				geometries must be closed LINESTRINGS. Comes in 2 variants.</para>
			<para>Variant 1: takes one closed linestring.</para>
			<para>Variant 2:  Creates a Polygon formed by the given shell and array of
			holes. You can construct a geometry array using ST_Accum or the PostgreSQL ARRAY[] and
			ARRAY() constructs. Input geometries must be closed LINESTRINGS.</para>
			<note>
				<para>This function will not accept a MULTILINESTRING.  Use <xref linkend="ST_LineMerge" /> or <xref linkend="ST_Dump" /> to generate line strings.</para>
			</note>

			<para>&Z_support;</para>
		</refsection>

		<refsection>
		<title>Examples: Single closed LINESTRING</title>
		 <programlisting>
--2d line
SELECT ST_MakePolygon(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(75.15 29.53,77 29,77.6 29.5, 75.15 29.53)'));
--If linestring is not closed
--you can add the start point to close it
SELECT ST_MakePolygon(ST_AddPoint(foo.open_line, ST_StartPoint(foo.open_line)))
FROM (
SELECT ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(75.15 29.53,77 29,77.6 29.5)') As open_line) As foo;

--3d closed line
SELECT ST_MakePolygon(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 1, 75.15 29.53 1)'));

st_asewkt
-----------
POLYGON((75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 1,75.15 29.53 1))

--measured line --
SELECT ST_MakePolygon(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRINGM(75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 2, 75.15 29.53 2)'));

st_asewkt
----------
POLYGONM((75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 2,75.15 29.53 2))
			  </programlisting>
		</refsection>
		<refsection>
			<title>Examples: Outter shell with inner shells</title>

			<para>Build a donut with an ant hole</para>
		   <programlisting>
SELECT ST_MakePolygon(
		ST_ExteriorRing(ST_Buffer(foo.line,10)),
	ARRAY[ST_Translate(foo.line,1,1),
		ST_ExteriorRing(ST_Buffer(ST_MakePoint(20,20),1)) ]
	)
FROM
	(SELECT ST_ExteriorRing(ST_Buffer(ST_MakePoint(10,10),10,10))
		As line )
		As foo;
		</programlisting>
		<para>Build province boundaries with holes
		representing lakes in the province from a set of
		province polygons/multipolygons and water line strings
		this is an example of using PostGIS ST_Accum
		<note><para>The use of CASE because feeding a null array into
		ST_MakePolygon results in NULL</para></note>
		<note><para>the use of left join to guarantee we get all provinces back even if they have no lakes</para></note></para>
		<programlisting>
	SELECT p.gid, p.province_name,
		CASE WHEN
			ST_Accum(w.the_geom) IS NULL THEN p.the_geom
		ELSE  ST_MakePolygon(ST_LineMerge(ST_Boundary(p.the_geom)), ST_Accum(w.the_geom)) END
	FROM
		provinces p LEFT JOIN waterlines w
			ON (ST_Within(w.the_geom, p.the_geom) AND ST_IsClosed(w.the_geom))
	GROUP BY p.gid, p.province_name, p.the_geom;

	--Same example above but utilizing a correlated subquery
	--and PostgreSQL built-in ARRAY() function that converts a row set to an array

	SELECT p.gid,  p.province_name, CASE WHEN
		EXISTS(SELECT w.the_geom
			FROM waterlines w
			WHERE ST_Within(w.the_geom, p.the_geom)
			AND ST_IsClosed(w.the_geom))
		THEN
		ST_MakePolygon(ST_LineMerge(ST_Boundary(p.the_geom)),
			ARRAY(SELECT w.the_geom
				FROM waterlines w
				WHERE ST_Within(w.the_geom, p.the_geom)
				AND ST_IsClosed(w.the_geom)))
		ELSE p.the_geom END As the_geom
	FROM
		provinces p;
			  </programlisting>
		</refsection>
		<refsection>
			<title>See Also</title>
			<para>
				<xref linkend="ST_Accum" />,
				<xref linkend="ST_AddPoint" />,
				<xref linkend="ST_GeometryType" />,
				<xref linkend="ST_IsClosed" />,
				<xref linkend="ST_LineMerge" />,
				<xref linkend="ST_BuildArea" />
			</para>
		</refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_MakePoint">
		<refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_MakePoint</refname>

		<refpurpose>Creates a 2D,3DZ or 4D point geometry.</refpurpose>
		</refnamediv>

		<refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_MakePoint</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>double precision</type> <parameter>x</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>double precision</type> <parameter>y</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_MakePoint</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>double precision</type> <parameter>x</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>double precision</type> <parameter>y</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>double precision</type> <parameter>z</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_MakePoint</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>double precision</type> <parameter>x</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>double precision</type> <parameter>y</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>double precision</type> <parameter>z</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>double precision</type> <parameter>m</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
		</refsynopsisdiv>

		<refsection>
			<title>Description</title>

			<para>Creates a 2D,3DZ or 4D point geometry (geometry with measure).
			<varname>ST_MakePoint</varname> while not being OGC compliant is
			generally faster and more precise than <xref linkend="ST_GeomFromText" />
			and <xref linkend="ST_PointFromText" />.  It is also easier to use if
			you have raw coordinates rather than WKT.</para>

			<note><para>Note x is longitude and y is latitude</para></note>
			<note><para>Use <xref linkend="ST_MakePointM" /> if you need to make a point with x,y,m.</para></note>
			<para>&Z_support;</para>

		</refsection>

		<refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>
		 <programlisting>--Return point with unknown SRID
SELECT ST_MakePoint(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829);

--Return point marked as WGS 84 long lat
SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePoint(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829),4326);

--Return a 3D point (e.g. has altitude)
SELECT ST_MakePoint(1, 2,1.5);

--Get z of point
SELECT ST_Z(ST_MakePoint(1, 2,1.5));
result
-------
1.5</programlisting>
		</refsection>
		<refsection>
			<title>See Also</title>
			<para><xref linkend="ST_GeomFromText" />, <xref linkend="ST_PointFromText" />, <xref linkend="ST_SetSRID" />, <xref linkend="ST_MakePointM" /></para>
		</refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_MakePointM">
		<refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_MakePointM</refname>

		<refpurpose>Creates a point geometry with an x y and m coordinate.</refpurpose>
		</refnamediv>

		<refsynopsisdiv>
			<funcsynopsis>
			  <funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_MakePointM</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>float</type> <parameter>x</parameter></paramdef>
				<paramdef><type>float</type> <parameter>y</parameter></paramdef>
				<paramdef><type>float</type> <parameter>m</parameter></paramdef>
			  </funcprototype>
			</funcsynopsis>
		</refsynopsisdiv>

		<refsection>
			<title>Description</title>

			<para>Creates a point with x, y and measure coordinates. </para>
			<note><para>Note x is longitude and y is latitude.</para></note>
		</refsection>

		<refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>
			<para>We use ST_AsEWKT in these examples to show the text representation instead of ST_AsText because ST_AsText does not
			support returning M.</para>
		 <programlisting>
--Return EWKT representation of point with unknown SRID
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_MakePointM(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829, 10));

--result
				   st_asewkt
-----------------------------------------------
 POINTM(-71.1043443253471 42.3150676015829 10)

--Return EWKT representation of point with measure marked as WGS 84 long lat
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_SetSRID(ST_MakePointM(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829,10),4326));

						st_asewkt
---------------------------------------------------------
SRID=4326;POINTM(-71.1043443253471 42.3150676015829 10)

--Return a 3d point (e.g. has altitude)
SELECT ST_MakePoint(1, 2,1.5);

--Get m of point
SELECT ST_M(ST_MakePointM(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829,10));
result
-------
10
			  </programlisting>
		</refsection>
		<refsection>
			<title>See Also</title>
			<para><xref linkend="ST_AsEWKT" />, <xref linkend="ST_MakePoint" />, <xref linkend="ST_SetSRID" /></para>
		</refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_MLineFromText">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_MLineFromText</refname>

		<refpurpose>Return a specified ST_MultiLineString value from WKT representation.</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_MLineFromText</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>

		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_MLineFromText</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>

		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		 <para>Makes a Geometry from  Well-Known-Text (WKT) with the given SRID. If SRID is
			not give, it defaults to 0.</para>

		 <para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
			suite</para>

		 <para>Returns null if the WKT is not a MULTILINESTRING</para>

		 <note>
			<para>If you are absolutely sure all your WKT geometries are points, don't use this function.
				It is slower than ST_GeomFromText since it adds an additional validation step.
			</para>
		</note>

		<para>&sfs_compliant; s3.2.6.2</para>
		<para>&sqlmm_compliant;SQL-MM 3: 9.4.4</para>

	  </refsection>


	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>

		<programlisting>SELECT ST_MLineFromText('MULTILINESTRING((1 2, 3 4), (4 5, 6 7))');</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="ST_GeomFromText" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_MPointFromText">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_MPointFromText</refname>

		<refpurpose>Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
			not give, it defaults to 0.</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_MPointFromText</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>

		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_MPointFromText</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>

		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		 <para>Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
			not give, it defaults to 0.</para>

		 <para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
			suite</para>

		 <para>Returns null if the WKT is not a MULTIPOINT</para>

		 <note>
			<para>If you are absolutely sure all your WKT geometries are points, don't use this function.
				It is slower than ST_GeomFromText since it adds an additional validation step.
			</para>
		</note>

		<para>&sfs_compliant; 3.2.6.2</para>
		<para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 9.2.4</para>

	  </refsection>


	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>

		<programlisting>SELECT ST_MPointFromText('MULTIPOINT(1 2, 3 4)');
SELECT ST_MPointFromText('MULTIPOINT(-70.9590 42.1180, -70.9611 42.1223)', 4326);</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="ST_GeomFromText" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_MPolyFromText">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_MPolyFromText</refname>

		<refpurpose>Makes a MultiPolygon Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
			not give, it defaults to 0.</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_MPolyFromText</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>

		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_MPolyFromText</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>

		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		 <para>Makes a MultiPolygon from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
			not give, it defaults to 0.</para>

		 <para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance suite</para>


		 <para>Throws an error if the WKT is not a MULTIPOLYGON</para>

		 <note>
			<para>If you are absolutely sure all your WKT geometries are multipolygons, don't use this function.
				It is slower than ST_GeomFromText since it adds an additional validation step.
			</para>
		</note>

		<para>&sfs_compliant; s3.2.6.2</para>
		<para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 9.6.4</para>

	  </refsection>


	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>

		<programlisting>SELECT ST_MPolyFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0 1,20 0 1,20 20 1,0 20 1,0 0 1),(5 5 3,5 7 3,7 7 3,7 5 3,5 5 3)))');
SELECt ST_MPolyFromText('MULTIPOLYGON(((-70.916 42.1002,-70.9468 42.0946,-70.9765 42.0872,-70.9754 42.0875,-70.9749 42.0879,-70.9752 42.0881,-70.9754 42.0891,-70.9758 42.0894,-70.9759 42.0897,-70.9759 42.0899,-70.9754 42.0902,-70.9756 42.0906,-70.9753 42.0907,-70.9753 42.0917,-70.9757 42.0924,-70.9755 42.0928,-70.9755 42.0942,-70.9751 42.0948,-70.9755 42.0953,-70.9751 42.0958,-70.9751 42.0962,-70.9759 42.0983,-70.9767 42.0987,-70.9768 42.0991,-70.9771 42.0997,-70.9771 42.1003,-70.9768 42.1005,-70.977 42.1011,-70.9766 42.1019,-70.9768 42.1026,-70.9769 42.1033,-70.9775 42.1042,-70.9773 42.1043,-70.9776 42.1043,-70.9778 42.1048,-70.9773 42.1058,-70.9774 42.1061,-70.9779 42.1065,-70.9782 42.1078,-70.9788 42.1085,-70.9798 42.1087,-70.9806 42.109,-70.9807 42.1093,-70.9806 42.1099,-70.9809 42.1109,-70.9808 42.1112,-70.9798 42.1116,-70.9792 42.1127,-70.979 42.1129,-70.9787 42.1134,-70.979 42.1139,-70.9791 42.1141,-70.9987 42.1116,-71.0022 42.1273,
	-70.9408 42.1513,-70.9315 42.1165,-70.916 42.1002)))',4326);
</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="ST_GeomFromText" />, <xref linkend="ST_SRID" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_Point">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_Point</refname>

		<refpurpose>Returns an ST_Point with the given coordinate values. OGC alias for ST_MakePoint.</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_Point</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>float </type> <parameter>x_lon</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>float </type> <parameter>y_lat</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		<para>Returns an ST_Point with the given coordinate values. MM compliant alias for ST_MakePoint that takes just an x and y.</para>


		<para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 6.1.2</para>

	  </refsection>


	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples: Geometry</title>

		<programlisting>SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829),4326)</programlisting>
	  </refsection>
	  
	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples: Geography</title>

		<programlisting>SELECT CAST(ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829),4326) As geography);</programlisting>
		<programlisting>-- the :: is PostgreSQL short-hand for casting.
SELECT ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(-71.1043443253471, 42.3150676015829),4326)::geography;</programlisting>

        <programlisting>--If your point coordinates are in a different spatial reference from WGS-84 long lat, then you need to transform before casting
-- This example we convert a point in Pennsylvania State Plane feet to WGS 84 and then geography
SELECT ST_Transform(ST_SetSRID(ST_Point(3637510, 3014852),2273),4326)::geography;</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="Geography_Basics" />, <xref linkend="ST_MakePoint" />, <xref linkend="ST_SetSRID" />, <xref linkend="ST_Transform" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>
	
		<refentry id="ST_PointFromGeoHash">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_PointFromGeoHash</refname>

		<refpurpose>Return a point from a GeoHash string.</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
			<funcprototype>
				<funcdef>point <function>ST_PointFromGeoHash</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>geohash</parameter></paramdef>
				<paramdef choice="opt"><type>integer </type> <parameter>precision=full_precision_of_geohash</parameter></paramdef>
			</funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		<para>Return a point from a GeoHash string. The point represents the center point of the GeoHash.</para>

		<para>If no <varname>precision</varname> is specficified ST_PointFromGeoHash returns a point based on full precision of the input GeoHash string.</para>

		<para>If <varname>precision</varname> is specified ST_PointFromGeoHash will use that many characters from the GeoHash to create the point.</para>

		<para>Availability: 2.1.0</para>
	  </refsection>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>
		<programlisting><![CDATA[SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0'));
          st_astext
------------------------------
 POINT(-115.172816 36.114646)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 4));
             st_astext
-----------------------------------
 POINT(-115.13671875 36.123046875)

SELECT ST_AsText(ST_PointFromGeoHash('9qqj7nmxncgyy4d0dbxqz0', 10));
                 st_astext
-------------------------------------------
 POINT(-115.172815918922 36.1146435141563)
		]]>
		</programlisting>
	  </refsection>
	 <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para> <xref linkend="ST_GeoHash" />, <xref linkend="ST_Box2dFromGeoHash" />, <xref linkend="ST_GeomFromGeoHash" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_PointFromText">
		  <refnamediv>
			<refname>ST_PointFromText</refname>
			<refpurpose>Makes a point Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
			not given, it defaults to unknown.</refpurpose>
		  </refnamediv>
		  <refsynopsisdiv>
			<funcsynopsis>
			  <funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_PointFromText</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
			  </funcprototype>
			  <funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_PointFromText</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
				<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
			  </funcprototype>
			</funcsynopsis>
		  </refsynopsisdiv>

		  <refsection>
			<title>Description</title>

			<para>Constructs a PostGIS ST_Geometry point object from the OGC Well-Known text representation. If SRID is
			not give, it defaults to unknown (currently 0).  If geometry is not a WKT point representation, returns null.
			If completely invalid WKT, then throws an error.</para>

			<!-- optionally mention that this function uses indexes if appropriate -->
			<note>
				<para>There are 2 variants of ST_PointFromText function, the first takes no SRID and returns a geometry
					with no defined spatial reference system.  The second takes a spatial reference id as the second argument
					and returns an ST_Geometry that includes this srid as part of its meta-data.  The srid must be defined
					in the spatial_ref_sys table.</para>
			</note>

			<note>
				<para>If you are absolutely sure all your WKT geometries are points, don't use this function.
					It is slower than ST_GeomFromText since it adds an additional validation step.  If you are building points from long lat coordinates and care more about performance and accuracy than OGC compliance, use <xref linkend="ST_MakePoint" /> or OGC compliant alias <xref linkend="ST_Point" />.   </para>
			</note>

			<para>&sfs_compliant; s3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance suite.</para>
			<para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 6.1.8</para>
		  </refsection>

		  <refsection>
			<title>Examples</title>
	<programlisting>
SELECT ST_PointFromText('POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)');
SELECT ST_PointFromText('POINT(-71.064544 42.28787)', 4326);
	</programlisting>
		  </refsection>
		  <refsection>
			<title>See Also</title>
			<para><xref linkend="ST_GeomFromText" />, <xref linkend="ST_MakePoint" />, <xref linkend="ST_Point" />, <xref linkend="ST_SRID" /></para>
		  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_PointFromWKB">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_PointFromWKB</refname>

		<refpurpose>Makes a geometry from WKB with the given SRID</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeomFromWKB</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>bytea </type> <parameter>geom</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>

		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_GeomFromWKB</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>bytea </type> <parameter>geom</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		<para>The <varname>ST_PointFromWKB</varname> function, takes a well-known binary
			representation of geometry and a Spatial Reference System ID (<varname>SRID</varname>)
			and creates an instance of the appropriate geometry type - in this case, a
			<varname>POINT</varname> geometry. This function plays the role of the Geometry
			Factory in SQL.</para>

		<para>If an SRID is not specified, it defaults to 0.  <varname>NULL</varname> is
		returned if the input <varname>bytea</varname> does not represent a
		<varname>POINT</varname> geometry.</para>
		<para>&sfs_compliant; s3.2.7.2</para>
		<para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 6.1.9</para>
		<para>&Z_support;</para>
		<para>&curve_support;</para>
	  </refsection>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>

		<programlisting>SELECT
  ST_AsText(
	ST_PointFromWKB(
	  ST_AsEWKB('POINT(2 5)'::geometry)
	)
  );
 st_astext
------------
 POINT(2 5)
(1 row)

SELECT
  ST_AsText(
	ST_PointFromWKB(
	  ST_AsEWKB('LINESTRING(2 5, 2 6)'::geometry)
	)
  );
 st_astext
-----------

(1 row)</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="ST_GeomFromWKB" />, <xref linkend="ST_LineFromWKB" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_Polygon">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_Polygon</refname>

		<refpurpose>Returns a polygon built from the specified linestring and SRID.</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_Polygon</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>geometry </type> <parameter>aLineString</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		<para>Returns a polygon built from the specified linestring and SRID.</para>

		<!-- optionally mention that this function uses indexes if appropriate -->
		<note>
		  <para>ST_Polygon is similar to first version oST_MakePolygon except it also sets the spatial ref sys (SRID) of the polygon. Will not work with MULTILINESTRINGS
			so use LineMerge to merge multilines.  Also does not create polygons with holes.  Use ST_MakePolygon for that.</para>
		</note>

		<para>&sfs_compliant;</para>
		<para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 8.3.2</para>
		<para>&Z_support;</para>

	  </refsection>


	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>

		<programlisting>
--a 2d polygon
SELECT ST_Polygon(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(75.15 29.53,77 29,77.6 29.5, 75.15 29.53)'), 4326);

--result--
POLYGON((75.15 29.53,77 29,77.6 29.5,75.15 29.53))
--a 3d polygon
SELECT ST_AsEWKT(ST_Polygon(ST_GeomFromEWKT('LINESTRING(75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 1, 75.15 29.53 1)'), 4326));

result
------
SRID=4326;POLYGON((75.15 29.53 1,77 29 1,77.6 29.5 1,75.15 29.53 1))
			</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para> <xref linkend="ST_AsEWKT" />, <xref linkend="ST_AsText" />, <xref linkend="ST_GeomFromEWKT" />, <xref linkend="ST_GeomFromText" />, <xref linkend="ST_LineMerge" />, <xref linkend="ST_MakePolygon" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_PolygonFromText">
	  <refnamediv>
		<refname>ST_PolygonFromText</refname>

		<refpurpose>Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
			not give, it defaults to 0.</refpurpose>
	  </refnamediv>

	  <refsynopsisdiv>
		<funcsynopsis>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_PolygonFromText</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		  <funcprototype>
			<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_PolygonFromText</function></funcdef>
			<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
			<paramdef><type>integer </type> <parameter>srid</parameter></paramdef>
		  </funcprototype>
		</funcsynopsis>
	  </refsynopsisdiv>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Description</title>

		<para>Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is
			not give, it defaults to 0.  Returns null if WKT is not a polygon.</para>


		<para>OGC SPEC 3.2.6.2 - option SRID is from the conformance
			suite</para>

		<note><para>If you are absolutely sure all your WKT geometries are polygons, don't use this function.
					It is slower than ST_GeomFromText since it adds an additional validation step. </para></note>
		<para>&sfs_compliant; s3.2.6.2</para>
		<para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 8.3.6</para>
	  </refsection>

	  <refsection>
		<title>Examples</title>

		<programlisting>SELECT ST_PolygonFromText('POLYGON((-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571,-71.1776820268866 42.3903701743239,
-71.1776063012595 42.3903825660754,-71.1775826583081 42.3903033653531,-71.1776585052917 42.3902909739571))');
st_polygonfromtext
------------------
010300000001000000050000006...


SELECT ST_PolygonFromText('POINT(1 2)') IS NULL as point_is_notpoly;

point_is_not_poly
----------
t
</programlisting>
	  </refsection>

	  <!-- Optionally add a "See Also" section -->
	  <refsection>
		<title>See Also</title>

		<para><xref linkend="ST_GeomFromText" /></para>
	  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_WKBToSQL">
		  <refnamediv>
			<refname>ST_WKBToSQL</refname>
			<refpurpose>Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Binary representation (WKB).  This is an alias name for ST_GeomFromWKB that takes no srid</refpurpose>
		  </refnamediv>
		  <refsynopsisdiv>
			<funcsynopsis>
			  <funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_WKBToSQL</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>bytea </type> <parameter>WKB</parameter></paramdef>
			  </funcprototype>
			</funcsynopsis>
		  </refsynopsisdiv>
		  <refsection>
			<title>Description</title>
			<para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 5.1.36</para>
		  </refsection>
		  <refsection>
			<title>See Also</title>
			<para><xref linkend="ST_GeomFromWKB" /></para>
		  </refsection>
	</refentry>

	<refentry id="ST_WKTToSQL">
		  <refnamediv>
			<refname>ST_WKTToSQL</refname>
			<refpurpose>Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Text representation (WKT).  This is an alias name for ST_GeomFromText</refpurpose>
		  </refnamediv>
		  <refsynopsisdiv>
			<funcsynopsis>
			  <funcprototype>
				<funcdef>geometry <function>ST_WKTToSQL</function></funcdef>
				<paramdef><type>text </type> <parameter>WKT</parameter></paramdef>
			  </funcprototype>
			</funcsynopsis>
		  </refsynopsisdiv>
		  <refsection>
			<title>Description</title>
			<para>&sqlmm_compliant; SQL-MM 3: 5.1.34</para>
		  </refsection>
		  <refsection>
			<title>See Also</title>
			<para><xref linkend="ST_GeomFromText" /></para>
		  </refsection>
	</refentry>
  </sect1>
