This tour will introduce the basic capabilities of the FERRET program through examples. As you continue your tour, you'll see exactly the commands that control Ferret. The commands will be in capital letters; FERRET prompts for input with the word "yes?" Click one time with mouse button one on the small image under the commands to bring up a full-sized image of the plot produced.

Suppose we want to plot values of 1/i for the first 10 integers i = 1, 2, 3, ..., 10 We can do that with the following command:

    yes? PLOT/i=1:10  1/i

We can change the aspect ratio of the plot to a more pleasing size and shape and re-draw the plot

    yes? SET WINDOW/SIZE=0.5/ASPECT=0.5
    yes? PLOT/i=1:10  1/i

We can do the plot with marker symbols instead of a smooth curve:

    yes? PLOT/i=1:10/SYMBOLS  1/i

We can define a new variable, "inverse", and give it a title of our choosing. In this plot we use both custom plot marks and a line and we specify the vertical plotting axis range.

    yes? LET/TITLE="My inverse of I" iinverse = 1/i
    yes? PLOT/i=1:10/SYMBOLS=2/LINE/VLIMITS=-1:2:0.25  iinverse

We can combine several functions on the same plot

    yes? PLOT/i=1:10   1/i, 1/(i+3), 1/i + 1/(10-i)

Now we'll plot all of the preceding graphs again, but in a single window. The parts of the window are called "viewports". They are named UL (for "upper left"!), LL, LR, and UR.

    yes? SET WINDOW/SIZE=.9   ! (bigger 'cause there will be 4 plots)
    yes? SET VIEWPORT UL
    yes? PLOT/i=1:10  1/i
    yes? SET VIEWPORT LL
    yes? PLOT/i=1:10/SYMBOLS  1/i
    yes? SET VIEWPORT LR
    yes? PLOT/i=1:10/SYMBOLS=2/LINE/VLIMITS=-1:2:0.25  iinverse
    yes? SET VIEWPORT UR
    yes? PLOT/i=1:10   1/i, 1/(i+3), 1/i + 1/(10-i)

Other forms of graphics are also available. Here we are just playing with simple 2-dimensional mathematical functions. Contouring ...

    yes? CANCEL VIEWPORT
    yes? SET WINDOW/ASPECT=0.8/SIZE=0.5
    yes? LET circle = ((i-20)^2 + (j-20)^2) ^ 0.5
    yes? CONTOUR/i=1:40/j=1:40 circle * exp((10-(i+j))/50)

Vector arrows ... (later you will see how to overlay vector arrows)

    VECTOR/i=1:20/j=1:20 i+cos(j/5)+5,i-j

A "raster" of color-shaded grid rectangles and a color key ...

    yes? SHADE/i=1:40/j=1:40 cos(i/5)*sin(j/10)

The same figure drawn as a color-filled contour plot ...

    yes? FILL/i=1:40/j=1:40 cos(i/5)*sin(j/10)

And a wire frame drawing (using more advanced grid definition commands)

    yes? DEFINE AXIS/X=-4:4:.2 xax40
    yes? DEFINE AXIS/Y=-4:4:.2 yax40
    yes? DEFINE GRID/X=xax40/Y=yax40 g_gauss
    yes? SET GRID g_gauss
    yes? LET GAUSS = 2*EXP(-1*((x[g=g_gauss]/2)^2 + y[g=g_gauss]^2))
    yes? WIRE/VIEWPOINT=-4,-10,4 gauss
    yes? SET GRID ABSTRACT  ! restore default grid for demos

Now we'll look at some real world data.

To begin we inform FERRET of the "data set" of interest using the SET DATA command. The ETOPO120 data set contains the relief of the surface of the earth at 120 minute resolution

    yes? SET DATA etopo120

We can query FERRET for the contents of the data set with the SHOW DATA command. The output of SHOW DATA immediately follows the command, below.

    yes? SHOW DATA

         currently SET data sets:
        1> /home/e1/tmap/fer_dsets/descr/etopo120.des  (default)
     name     title                             I         J         K         L
     ROSE     RELIEF OF THE SURFACE OF THE EA  1:180     1:90      1:1       1:1

What we see is a single variable, "ROSE", and its 4-dimensional limits. The letters I,J,K and L refer to its limits along the X,Y,Z, and T axes, respectively. ROSE is a 2-dimensional variable; it exists in the XY (latitude-longitude) plane.

Lets look at a shaded plot of the earth's relief. Since we don't specify any limits the full extent of the data will be used.

    yes? SHADE ROSE

Or we can zoom in on North America (long. 160W:40W, lat. 20N:70N) using a 500 meter vertical resolution and a filled-contour plot.

    yes? FILL/X=160W:40W/Y=20N:70N/level=(-7000,4000,500) ROSE

... and overlay the continental boundaries. The "1" below specifies pen color one (black) for the continents. The GO command can run "scripts" to perform a wide variety of tasks. Go scripts are files of ordinary FERRET commands.

    yes? GO land 1

Now let's turn our attention to another data set -- the Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set ("COADS")

    yes? SET DATA coads_climatology
    yes? SHOW DATA coads_climatology

         currently SET data sets:
        2> /home/e1/tmap/fer_dsets/descr/coads_climatology.des  (default)
     name     title                             I         J         K         L
     SST      SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE          1:180     1:90      1:1       1:12
     AIRT     AIR TEMPERATURE                  1:180     1:90      1:1       1:12
     SPEH     SPECIFIC HUMIDITY                1:180     1:90      1:1       1:12
     WSPD     WIND SPEED                       1:180     1:90      1:1       1:12
     UWND     ZONAL WIND                       1:180     1:90      1:1       1:12
     VWND     MERIDIONAL WIND                  1:180     1:90      1:1       1:12
     SLP      SEA LEVEL PRESSURE               1:180     1:90      1:1       1:12

As you can see there are a number of variables and there are 12 points on the time (L) axis. Within FERRET "variables" are always defined on "grids"; "grids" are always composed of 1 to 4 "axes"; and "axes" are composed of numerous points. We can query FERRET to learn more about the grid and axes upon which the variable SST is defined using the SHOW GRID command. (The output of "SHOW GRID SST" follows the command.)

    yes? SHOW GRID SST

        GRID COADS2
     name       axis              # pts   start                end
     COADSX    LONGITUDE          180mr   21E                  19E(379)
     COADSY    LATITUDE            90 r   89S                  89N
     normal    Z
     TIME1     TIME                12mr   16-JAN      06:00    16-DEC      01:2

We can further enquire about the coordinates of axis points by specifying which axis and what range of values we are interested in. For example:

    yes? SHOW GRID/L=1:4 SST

        GRID COADS2
     name       axis              # pts   start                end
     COADSX    LONGITUDE          180mr   21E                  19E(379)
     COADSY    LATITUDE            90 r   89S                  89N
     normal    Z
     TIME1     TIME                12mr   16-JAN      06:00    16-DEC      01:20

               L     T                 BOX_SIZE       TIME_STEP (hour)
               1>  16-JAN      06:00     730.48         366
               2>  15-FEB      16:29     730.48         1096.5
               3>  17-MAR      02:58     730.48         1827
               4>  16-APR      13:27     730.48         2557.5

OK. Now lets use the SHADE command to make a color shaded plot of the sea surface temperature at the first time step, and overlay "filled" continents instead of an outline. Notice the regions where there are gaps in the COADS data set

    yes? SHADE/L=1 SST
    yes? GO fland

Just as simply we can look at the air-sea temperature difference.

    yes? SHADE/L=1 AIRT-SST
    yes? GO fland        ! overlay "filled" continents

And we can overlay a vector arrow plot of the surface winds, too. The combination of high wind speeds and large air-sea temperature difference suggests some regions of the worlds oceans where the sensible heat exchange may be very large -- for example off the Atlantic coast of North America.

    VECTOR/OVERLAY/L=1 UWND, VWND

A thought exercise to the viewer: If sensible heat exchange can be computed by the equation

      QSENS = COEF * WSPD * (AIRT-SST)

where WSPD is the COADS wind speed and COEF is an arbitrary coefficient

1. How would you produce a shaded plot of QSENS at L=1 ?
2. How would you produce a time series plot for all 12 months at a point of your choosing in the North Atlantic ?

OK... Lets look at the annual variation of the sea surface temperature by displaying the four seasons on a single plot.

    yes? SET WINDOW/SIZE=0.7
    yes? SET VIEW Ul
    yes? SHADE/L=3 sst
    yes? SET VIEW UR
    yes? SHADE/L=6 sst
    yes? SET VIEW LL
    yes? SHADE/L=9 sst
    yes? SET VIEW LR
    yes? SHADE/L=12 sst

It's difficult to pick out the differences in the fields, isn't it ?

FERRET has many ways to help you explore this kind of problem. Lets begin by looking at the average over all 12 time steps. We do this with the "AVE" transformation applied to the time axis.

"SHADE/LINE" tells FERRET to overlay contour lines instead of putting a color key on the plot.

    yes? CANCEL VIEWPORTS
    yes? SHADE/LINE SST[L=1:12@AVE]

Now lets look at how the first time step differs from this average. We'll use a color palette that emphasizes which regions are positive and which are negative.

Notice that the plot is for January. The northern hemisphere is in winter -- hence colder than the annual average. The opposite is true in the southern hemisphere.

    yes? SHADE/PALETTE=centered SST[L=1] - SST[L=1:12@AVE]
    yes? GO fland

Now lets look at the four seasons as we did before -- but this time plotting the anomaly from the annual average field. The contour levels were chosen to emphasize the variations.

    yes? SET WINDOW/SIZE=.7
    yes? LET SST_AVE  = SST[L=1:12@AVE]
    yes? LET/TITLE="SST Anomaly"    SST_ANOM = SST - SST_AVE
    yes? SET VIEW UL
    yes? SHADE/L=3/LEVELS=(-14)(-5,5,1)(14) sst_anom
    yes? SET VIEW UR
    yes? SHADE/L=6/LEVELS=(-14)(-5,5,1)(14) sst_anom
    yes? SET VIEW LL
    yes? SHADE/L=9/LEVELS=(-14)(-5,5,1)(14) sst_anom
    yes? SET VIEW LR
    yes? SHADE/L=12/LEVELS=(-14)(-5,5,1)(14) sst_anom

Lets focus our attention at a particular longitude, say, X=180, the International Dateline. We can get an accurate picture of the SST changes there by producing a 2-dimensional view along the Y and T axes. We will use the SET REGION command to confine ourselves to X=180.

The time axis of this data set is referred to as a "modulo" axis -- that is, the first month follows on after the last in a circular way. So the L=1:48 qualifier repeats the data over 4 cycles in time -- emphasizing its modular nature.

    yes? CANCEL VIEWPORTS
    yes? SET WINDOW/SIZE=.5
    yes? SET REGION/X=180
    yes? FILL/Y=70S:70N/L=1:48/LEVELS=(-7,7,1) SST_ANOM

Our plot shows the expected out of phase behavior between north and south. Lets summarize the results by averaging separately within the northern and southern temperate zones (23.5 to 65 degrees latitude). We can then plot the two time series that result.

    yes? SET WINDOW/ASPECT=0.4
    yes? LET NORTH = SST_ANOM[Y=23.5N:65N@AVE]
    yes? LET SOUTH = SST_ANOM[Y=65S:23.5S@AVE]
    yes? PLOT/L=1:48 NORTH, SOUTH

We can list the first 5 months to the screen with the LIST command:

    yes? LIST/L=1:5 NORTH, SOUTH

                 DATA SET: /home/e1/tmap/fer_dsets/descr/coads_climatology.des
                 COADS Monthly Climatology (1946-1989)
                 TIME: 01-JAN to 01-JUN
                 LONGITUDE: 179E
     Column  1: NORTH[Y=23.5N:65N] is SST_ANOM[Y=23.5N:65N@AVE]
     Column  2: SOUTH[Y=65S:23.5S] is SST_ANOM[Y=65S:23.5S@AVE]
                      NORTH  SOUTH
     16-JAN      / 1: -2.475  1.818
     15-FEB      / 2: -3.063  2.203
     17-MAR      / 3: -3.153  1.931
     16-APR      / 4: -2.765  1.183
     16-MAY      / 5: -1.677  0.049

Sending the listed results to a file (with a variety of formats) requires only the addition of "/FILE=filename".

This is the end of the tour. You've been shown a number of FERRET's capabilities:

- Line, contour, vector and shaded plots
- Multiple viewports, and windows
- Color controls
- Abstract mathematical functions, data from data sets, and new variables defined from old ones
- Transformations and plots along various axes

And there's much more. Thanks for stopping by!