Specifying requirements¶

Requirements are specified using the same form as expected by pip and setuptools, e.g. flask, setuptools==2.1.2, Django>=1.4,<1.6. These are specified as arguments to pex and any number (including 0) may be specified. For example, to start an environment with flask and psutil>1:

$ pex flask 'psutil>1'
Python 2.6.9 (unknown, Jan  2 2014, 14:52:48)
[GCC 4.2.1 (Based on Apple Inc. build 5658) (LLVM build 2336.11.00)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>>

You can then import and manipulate modules like you would otherwise:

>>> import flask
>>> import psutil
>>> ...

Requirements can also be specified using the requirements.txt format, using pex -r. This can be a handy way to freeze a virtualenv into a PEX file:

$ pex -r <(pip freeze) -o my_application.pex

Specifying entry points¶

Entry points define how the environment is executed and may be specified in one of three ways.

$ cat <<EOF > flask_hello_world.py
> from flask import Flask
> app = Flask(__name__)
>
> @app.route('/')
> def hello_world():
>   return 'hello world!'
>
> app.run()
> EOF

$ pex flask -- ./flask_hello_world.py
* Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/

$ python -m pydoc
pydoc - the Python documentation tool

pydoc.py <name> ...
    Show text documentation on something.  <name> may be the name of a
    Python keyword, topic, function, module, or package, or a dotted
    reference to a class or function within a module or module in a
    ...

$ pex -m pydoc
pydoc - the Python documentation tool

tmpInGItD <name> ...
    Show text documentation on something.  <name> may be the name of a
    Python keyword, topic, function, module, or package, or a dotted
    reference to a class or function within a module or module in a
    ...

$ pex flask -m pydoc -- flask.app

Help on module flask.app in flask:

NAME
    flask.app

FILE
    /private/var/folders/rd/_tjz8zts3g14md1kmf38z6w80000gn/T/tmp3PCy5a/.deps/Flask-0.10.1-py2-none-any.whl/flask/app.py

DESCRIPTION
    flask.app
    ~~~~~~~~~

$ pex sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme -e sphinx:main -- --help
Sphinx v1.2.2
Usage: /var/folders/4d/9tz0cd5n2n7947xs21gspsxc0000gp/T/tmpLr8ibZ [options] sourcedir outdir [filenames...]

General options
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-b <builder>  builder to use; default is html
-a            write all files; default is to only write new and changed files
-E            don't use a saved environment, always read all files
...

$ pex Fabric -c fab -- --help
Fatal error: Couldn't find any fabfiles!

Remember that -f can be used to specify fabfile path, and use -h for help.

Aborting.

$ pex boto -c mturk
usage: mturk [-h] [-P] [--nicknames PATH]
             {bal,hit,hits,new,extend,expire,rm,as,approve,reject,unreject,bonus,notify,give-qual,revoke-qual}
             ...
mturk: error: too few arguments

Saving .pex files¶

Each of the commands above have been manipulating ephemeral PEX environments – environments that only exist for the duration of the pex command lifetime and immediately garbage collected.

If the -o PATH option is specified, a PEX file of the environment is saved to disk at PATH. For example we can package a standalone Sphinx as above:

$ pex sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme -c sphinx -o sphinx.pex

Instead of executing the environment, it is saved to disk:

$ ls -l sphinx.pex
-rwxr-xr-x  1 wickman  wheel  4988494 Mar 11 17:48 sphinx.pex

This is an executable environment and can be executed as before:

$ ./sphinx.pex --help
Sphinx v1.2.2
Usage: ./sphinx.pex [options] sourcedir outdir [filenames...]

General options
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-b <builder>  builder to use; default is html
-a            write all files; default is to only write new and changed files
-E            don't use a saved environment, always read all files
...

As before, entry points are not required, and if not specified the PEX will default to just dropping into an interpreter. If an alternate interpreter is specified with --python, e.g. pypy, it will be the default hashbang in the PEX file:

$ pex --python=pypy flask -o flask-pypy.pex

The hashbang of the PEX file specifies PyPy:

$ head -1 flask-pypy.pex
#!/usr/bin/env pypy

and when invoked uses the environment PyPy:

$ ./flask-pypy.pex
Python 2.7.3 (87aa9de10f9c, Nov 24 2013, 20:57:21)
[PyPy 2.2.1 with GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 5.0 (clang-500.2.79)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>> import flask

To specify an explicit Python shebang line (e.g. from a non-standard location or not on $PATH), you can use the --python-shebang option:

$ dist/pex --python-shebang='/Users/wickman/Python/CPython-3.4.2/bin/python3.4' -o my.pex
$ head -1 my.pex
#!/Users/wickman/Python/CPython-3.4.2/bin/python3.4

Furthermore, this can be manipulated at runtime using the PEX_PYTHON environment variable.

Tailoring requirement resolution¶

In general, pex honors the same options as pip when it comes to resolving packages. Like pip, by default pex fetches artifacts from PyPI. This can be disabled with --no-index.

If PyPI fetching is disabled, you will need to specify a search repository via -f/--find-links. This may be a directory on disk or a remote simple http server.

For example, you can delegate artifact fetching and resolution to pip wheel for whatever reason – perhaps you’re running a firewalled mirror – but continue to package with pex:

$ pip wheel -w /tmp/wheelhouse sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme
$ pex -f /tmp/wheelhouse --no-index -e sphinx:main -o sphinx.pex sphinx sphinx_rtd_theme

Tailoring PEX execution at build time¶

There are a few options that can tailor how PEX environments are invoked. These can be found by running pex --help. Every flag mentioned here has a corresponding environment variable that can be used to override the runtime behavior which can be set directly in your environment, or sourced from a .pexrc file (checking for ~/.pexrc first, then for a relative .pexrc).

Tailoring PEX execution at runtime¶

Tailoring of PEX execution can be done at runtime by setting various environment variables. The source of truth for these environment variables can be found in the pex.variables API.

bdist_pex¶

The default behavior of bdist_pex is to build an executable using the console script of the same name as the package. For example, pip has three entry points: pip, pip2 and pip2.7 if you’re using Python 2.7. Since there exists an entry point named pip in the console_scripts section of the entry points, that entry point is chosen and an executable pex is produced. The pex file will have the version number appended, e.g. pip-7.2.0.pex.

If no console scripts are provided, or the only console scripts available do not bear the same name as the package, then an environment pex will be produced. An environment pex is a pex file that drops you into an interpreter with all necessary dependencies but stops short of invoking a specific module or function.

bdist_pex --bdist-all¶

If you would like to build all the console scripts defined in the package instead of just the namesake script, --bdist-all will write all defined entry_points but omit version numbers and the .pex suffix. This can be useful if you would like to virtually install a Python package somewhere on your $PATH without doing something scary like sudo pip install:

$ git clone https://github.com/sphinx-doc/sphinx && cd sphinx
$ python setup.py bist_pex --bdist-all --bdist-dir=$HOME/bin
running bdist_pex
Writing sphinx-apidoc to /Users/wickman/bin/sphinx-apidoc
Writing sphinx-build to /Users/wickman/bin/sphinx-build
Writing sphinx-quickstart to /Users/wickman/bin/sphinx-quickstart
Writing sphinx-autogen to /Users/wickman/bin/sphinx-autogen
$ sphinx-apidoc --help | head -1
Usage: sphinx-apidoc [options] -o <output_path> <module_path> [exclude_path, ...]