dpkg
is the base command for handling Debian packages on the system. If you have .deb
packages, it is dpkg
that allows installation or analysis of their contents. But this program only has a partial view of the Debian universe: it knows what is installed on the system, and whatever it is given on the command line, but knows nothing of the other available packages. As such, it will fail if a dependency is not met. Tools such as apt-get
, on the contrary, will create a list of dependencies to install everything as automatically as possible.
dpkg
is, above all, the tool for installing an already available Debian package (because it does not download anything). To do this, we use its -i
or --install
option.
例 5.2. 通过dpkg
来安装一个软件包
#
dpkg -i man-db_2.6.2-1_amd64.deb
(Reading database ... 96357 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to replace man-db 2.6.1-3 (using man-db_2.6.2-1_amd64.deb) ... Unpacking replacement man-db ... Setting up man-db (2.6.2-1) ... Building database of manual pages ...
dpkg
我们可以看到安装时的不同步骤;因此我们会知道在什么时候可能会发生错误。安装也被分为两个阶段:首先解压包,然后配置它。apt-get
会利用这一点,然后有限的调用dpkg
(因为每次调用都要把数据加载到内存中,特别是那些在名单中已经被安装的文件)。
例 5.3. 分开解压和配置
#
dpkg --unpack man-db_2.6.2-1_amd64.deb
(Reading database ... 96357 files and directories currently installed.) Preparing to replace man-db 2.6.2-1 (using man-db_2.6.2-1_amd64.deb) ... Unpacking replacement man-db ... #
dpkg --configure man-db
Setting up man-db (2.6.2-1) ... Building database of manual pages ...
dpkg
在安装软件包的时候会失败并且返回一个错误;如果用户命令dpkg忽略掉这个错误,那么它仅仅会提示一个警告;这也就是我们有一个不同的--force--*
选项。dpkg --force-help
,或者是dpkg的帮助文档,有一个这些选项的详细清单。最常见的错误是,你迟到会遇到这样一个文件冲突,当一个软件包包含的文件中已经安装了另外一个软件包。
Unpacking libgdm (from .../libgdm_3.8.3-2_amd64.deb) ...
dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/libgdm_3.8.3-2_amd64.deb (--unpack):
trying to overwrite '/usr/bin/gdmflexiserver', which is also in package gdm3 3.4.1-9
--force-overwrite
选项来告诉dpkg
去忽略这个错误并且覆盖该文件。
--force-*
选项,只是--force-overwrite
使用的非常频繁。这些选项仅存在特殊的情况下,所以最好是不去使用它们以便遵守软件包的管理机制。不要忘了,这些管理规则可以确保你的系统的稳定性和一致性。
dpkg
with the -r
or --remove
option, followed by the name of a package, removes that package. This removal is, however, not complete: all of the configuration files, maintainer scripts, log files (system logs) and other user data handled by the package remain. That way disabling the program is easily done by uninstalling it, and it's still possible to quickly reinstall it with the same configuration. To completely remove everything associated with a package, use the -P
or --purge
option, followed by the package name.
例 5.4. 删除和清除掉debian-cd软件包
#
dpkg -r debian-cd
(Reading database ... 97747 files and directories currently installed.) Removing debian-cd ... #
dpkg -P debian-cd
(Reading database ... 97401 files and directories currently installed.) Removing debian-cd ... Purging configuration files for debian-cd ...
dpkg
options that query the internal database in order to obtain information. Giving first the long options and then corresponding short options (that will evidently take the same possible arguments) we cite --listfiles package
(or -L
), which lists the files installed by this package; --search file
(or -S
), which finds the package(s) containing the file; --status package
(or -s
), which displays the headers of an installed package; --list
(or -l
), which displays the list of packages known to the system and their installation status; --contents file.deb
(or -c
), which lists the files in the Debian package specified; --info file.deb
(or -I
), which displays the headers of this Debian package.
例 5.5. dpkg
的各种查询
$
dpkg -L base-passwd
/. /usr /usr/sbin /usr/sbin/update-passwd /usr/share /usr/share/man /usr/share/man/ru /usr/share/man/ru/man8 /usr/share/man/ru/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/pl /usr/share/man/pl/man8 /usr/share/man/pl/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/man8 /usr/share/man/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/man/fr /usr/share/man/fr/man8 /usr/share/man/fr/man8/update-passwd.8.gz /usr/share/doc-base /usr/share/doc-base/users-and-groups /usr/share/base-passwd /usr/share/base-passwd/passwd.master /usr/share/base-passwd/group.master /usr/share/lintian /usr/share/lintian/overrides /usr/share/lintian/overrides/base-passwd /usr/share/doc /usr/share/doc/base-passwd /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/copyright /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/changelog.gz /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.txt.gz /usr/share/doc/base-passwd/README $
dpkg -S /bin/date
coreutils: /bin/date $
dpkg -s coreutils
Package: coreutils Essential: yes Status: install ok installed Priority: required Section: utils Installed-Size: 13822 Maintainer: Michael Stone <mstone@debian.org> Architecture: amd64 Multi-Arch: foreign Version: 8.13-3.5 Replaces: mktemp, timeout Depends: dpkg (>= 1.15.4) | install-info Pre-Depends: libacl1 (>= 2.2.51-8), libattr1 (>= 1:2.4.46-8), libc6 (>= 2.7), libselinux1 (>= 1.32) Conflicts: timeout Description: GNU core utilities This package contains the basic file, shell and text manipulation utilities which are expected to exist on every operating system. . Specifically, this package includes: arch base64 basename cat chcon chgrp chmod chown chroot cksum comm cp csplit cut date dd df dir dircolors dirname du echo env expand expr factor false flock fmt fold groups head hostid id install join link ln logname ls md5sum mkdir mkfifo mknod mktemp mv nice nl nohup nproc od paste pathchk pinky pr printenv printf ptx pwd readlink rm rmdir runcon sha*sum seq shred sleep sort split stat stty sum sync tac tail tee test timeout touch tr true truncate tsort tty uname unexpand uniq unlink users vdir wc who whoami yes Homepage: http://gnu.org/software/coreutils $
dpkg -l 'b*'
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold | Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend |/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad) ||/ Name Version Architecture Description +++-============-==============-==============-================================ un backupninja <none> (no description available) un base <none> (no description available) un base-config <none> (no description available) ii base-files 7.1 amd64 Debian base system miscellaneous ii base-passwd 3.5.26 amd64 Debian base system master passwo [...] $
dpkg -c /var/cache/apt/archives/gnupg_1.4.12-7_amd64.deb
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2013-01-02 19:28 ./ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2013-01-02 19:28 ./usr/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2013-01-02 19:28 ./usr/share/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2013-01-02 19:28 ./usr/share/doc/ drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2013-01-02 19:28 ./usr/share/doc/gnupg/ -rw-r--r-- root/root 3258 2012-01-20 10:51 ./usr/share/doc/gnupg/TODO -rw-r--r-- root/root 308 2011-12-02 18:34 ./usr/share/doc/gnupg/FAQ -rw-r--r-- root/root 3543 2012-02-20 18:41 ./usr/share/doc/gnupg/Upgrading_From_PGP.txt -rw-r--r-- root/root 690 2012-02-20 18:41 ./usr/share/doc/gnupg/README.Debian -rw-r--r-- root/root 1418 2012-02-20 18:41 ./usr/share/doc/gnupg/TODO.Debian [...] $
dpkg -I /var/cache/apt/archives/gnupg_1.4.12-7_amd64.deb
new debian package, version 2.0. size 1952176 bytes: control archive=3312 bytes. 1449 bytes, 30 lines control 4521 bytes, 65 lines md5sums 479 bytes, 13 lines * postinst #!/bin/sh 473 bytes, 13 lines * preinst #!/bin/sh Package: gnupg Version: 1.4.12-7 Architecture: amd64 Maintainer: Debian GnuPG-Maintainers <pkg-gnupg-maint@lists.alioth.debian.org> Installed-Size: 4627 Depends: libbz2-1.0, libc6 (>= 2.4), libreadline6 (>= 6.0), libusb-0.1-4 (>= 2:0.1.12), zlib1g (>= 1:1.1.4), dpkg (>= 1.15.4) | install-info, gpgv Recommends: libldap-2.4-2 (>= 2.4.7), gnupg-curl Suggests: gnupg-doc, xloadimage | imagemagick | eog, libpcsclite1 Section: utils Priority: important Multi-Arch: foreign Homepage: http://www.gnupg.org Description: GNU privacy guard - a free PGP replacement GnuPG is GNU's tool for secure communication and data storage. It can be used to encrypt data and to create digital signatures. It includes an advanced key management facility and is compliant with the proposed OpenPGP Internet standard as described in RFC 4880. [...]
dpkg
keeps a log of all of its actions in /var/log/dpkg.log
. This log is extremely verbose, since it details every one of the stages through which packages handled by dpkg
go. In addition to offering a way to track dpkg's behavior, it helps, above all, to keep a history of the development of the system: one can find the exact moment when each package has been installed or updated, and this information can be extremely useful in understanding a recent change in behavior. Additionally, all versions being recorded, it is easy to cross-check the information with the changelog.Debian.gz
for packages in question, or even with online bug reports.
Architecture
field in their control information. This field can contain either “all
” (for packages that are architecture independent) or the name of the architecture that it targets (like “amd64”, “armhf”, …). In the latter case, by default, dpkg
will only accept to install the package if its architecture matches the host's architecture as returned by dpkg --print-architecture
.
dpkg
's multi-arch support allows users to define “foreign architectures” that can be installed on the current system. This is simply done with dpkg --add-architecture
like in the example below. There's a corresponding dpkg --remove-architecture
to drop support of a foreign architecture, but it can only be used when no packages of this architecture remain.
#
dpkg --print-architecture
amd64 #
dpkg --print-foreign-architectures
#
dpkg -i gcc-4.7-base_4.7.2-5_armhf.deb
dpkg: error processing gcc-4.7-base_4.7.2-5_armhf.deb (--install): package architecture (armhf) does not match system (amd64) Errors were encountered while processing: gcc-4.7-base_4.7.2-5_armhf.deb #
dpkg --add-architecture armhf
#
dpkg --add-architecture armel
#
dpkg --print-foreign-architectures
armhf armel #
dpkg -i gcc-4.7-base_4.7.2-5_armhf.deb
Selecting previously unselected package gcc-4.7-base:armhf. (Reading database ... 97399 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking gcc-4.7-base:armhf (from gcc-4.7-base_4.7.2-5_armhf.deb) ... Setting up gcc-4.7-base:armhf (4.7.2-5) ... #
dpkg --remove-architecture armhf
dpkg: error: cannot remove architecture 'armhf' currently in use by the database #
dpkg --remove-architecture armel
#
dpkg --print-foreign-architectures
armhf
Multi-Arch: same
” header field to tell the packaging system that the various architectures of the package can be safely co-installed (and that those packages can only satisfy dependencies of packages of the same architecture). Since multi-arch made its debut in Debian Wheezy, not all libraries have been converted yet (but all libraries which were embedded in ia32-libs do!).
$dpkg -s gcc-4.7-base
dpkg-query: error: --status needs a valid package name but 'gcc-4.7-base' is not: ambiguous package name 'gcc-4.7-base' with more than one installed instance Use --help for help about querying packages. $dpkg -s gcc-4.7-base:amd64 gcc-4.7-base:armhf | grep ^Multi
Multi-Arch: same Multi-Arch: same $dpkg -L libgcc1:amd64 |grep .so
/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libgcc_s.so.1 $dpkg -S /usr/share/doc/gcc-4.7-base/copyright
gcc-4.7-base:armhf, gcc-4.7-base:amd64: /usr/share/doc/gcc-4.7-base/copyright
Multi-Arch: same
packages must have their names qualified with their architecture to be unambiguously identifiable. They also have the possibility to share files with other instances of the same package; dpkg
ensures that all packages have bit-for-bit identical files when they are shared. Last but not least, all instances of a package must have the same version. They must thus be upgraded together.
Multi-Arch: foreign
” or a package whose architecture matches the one of the package declaring the dependency (in this dependency resolution process, architecture-independent packages are assumed to be of the same architecture than the host). A dependency can also be weakened to allow any architecture to fulfill it, with the package:any
syntax, but foreign packages can only satisfy such a dependency if they are marked “Multi-Arch: allowed
”.