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<!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd">

<chapter>
  <header>
    <copyright>
      <year>2012</year>
      <year>2013</year>
      <holder>Ericsson AB. All Rights Reserved.</holder>
    </copyright>
    <legalnotice>
      The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License,
      Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
      compliance with the License. You should have received a copy of the
      Erlang Public License along with this software. If not, it can be
      retrieved online at http://www.erlang.org/.

      Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
      basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
      the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
      under the License.

    </legalnotice>

    <title>Getting started</title>
    <file>using_ssh.xml</file>
  </header>

  <section>
    <title> General information</title>
    <p>The examples in the following sections use the utility function
    <seealso marker="ssh#start-0"> ssh:start/0 </seealso> that starts
    all needed applications (crypto, public_key and ssh). All examples
    are run in an Erlang shell, or in a bash shell using openssh to
    illustrate how the erlang ssh application can be used.  The
    exampels are run as the user otptest on a local network where the
    user is authorized to login in over ssh to the host "tarlop". If
    nothing else is stated it is persumed that the otptest user has an
    entry in tarlop's authorized_keys file (may log in via ssh without
    entering a password).  Also tarlop is a known host in the user
    otptest's known_hosts file so that host verification can be done
    without user interaction.
    </p>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Using the Erlang SSH Terminal Client</title>

    <p>The user otptest, that has bash as default shell, uses the
    ssh:shell/1 client to connect to the openssh daemon running on a
    host called tarlop. Note that currently this client is very simple
    and you should not be expected to be as fancy as the openssh
    client.</p>

    <code type="erl" >
      1>  ssh:start().
      ok
      2> {ok, S} = ssh:shell("tarlop").
      >pwd
      /home/otptest
      >exit
      logout
      3>
    </code>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Running an Erlang SSH Daemon </title>

    <p> The option system_dir must be a directory containing a host
    key file and it defaults to /etc/ssh. For details see section
    Configuration Files in <seealso
    marker="SSH_app">ssh(6)</seealso>.
    </p>

    <note><p>Normally the /etc/ssh directory is only readable by root. </p>
    </note>

    <p> The option user_dir defaults to the users ~/.ssh  directory</p>

    <p>In the following example we generate new keys and host keys as
    to be able to run the example without having root privilages</p>

    <code>
      $bash> ssh-keygen -t rsa -f /tmp/ssh_daemon/ssh_host_rsa_key
      [...]
      $bash> ssh-keygen -t rsa -f /tmp/otptest_user/.ssh/id_rsa
      [...]
    </code>

    <p>Create the file /tmp/otptest_user/.ssh/authrized_keys and add the content
    of /tmp/otptest_user/.ssh/id_rsa.pub  Now we can do</p>

    <code type="erl">
      1> ssh:start().
      ok
      2> {ok, Sshd} = ssh:daemon(8989,  [{system_dir, "/tmp/ssh_daemon"},
      {user_dir, "/tmp/otptest_user/.ssh"}]).
      {ok,&lt;0.54.0>}
      3>
    </code>

    <p>Use the openssh client from a shell to connect to the Erlang ssh daemon.</p>

    <code>
      $bash> ssh tarlop -p 8989  -i /tmp/otptest_user/.ssh/id_rsa\
             -o UserKnownHostsFile=/tmp/otptest_user/.ssh/known_hosts
      The authenticity of host 'tarlop' can't be established.
      RSA key fingerprint is 14:81:80:50:b1:1f:57:dd:93:a8:2d:2f:dd:90:ae:a8.
      Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
      Warning: Permanently added 'tarlop' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
      Eshell V5.10  (abort with ^G)
      1>
    </code>

    <p>There are two ways of shutting down an SSH daemon</p>

    <p>1: Stops the listener, but leaves existing connections started by the listener up and running.</p>

    <code type="erl">
      3> ssh:stop_listener(Sshd).
      ok
      4>
    </code>

    <p>2: Stops the listener and all connections started by the listener.</p>

    <code type="erl">
      3> ssh:stop_daemon(Sshd)
      ok
      4>
    </code>

  </section>

  <section>
    <title>One Time Execution</title>

    <p>In the following example the Erlang shell is the client process
    that receives the channel replies. </p>

    <note><p> If you run this example
    in your environment you may get fewer or more messages back as
    this depends on the OS and shell on the machine running the ssh
    daemon. See also <seealso marker="ssh_connection#exec-4">ssh_connection:exec/4</seealso>
    </p></note>

    <code type="erl" >
      1>  ssh:start().
      ok
      2> {ok, ConnectionRef} = ssh:connect("tarlop", 22, []).
      {ok,&lt;0.57.0>}
      3>{ok, ChannelId} =  ssh_connection:session_channel(ConnectionRef, infinity).
      {ok,0}
      4> success = ssh_connection:exec(ConnectionRef, ChannelId, "pwd", infinity).
      5>  flush().
      Shell got {ssh_cm,&lt;0.57.0>,{data,0,0,&lt;&lt;"/home/otptest\n">>}}
      Shell got {ssh_cm,&lt;0.57.0>,{eof,0}}
      Shell got {ssh_cm,&lt;0.57.0>,{exit_status,0,0}}
      Shell got {ssh_cm,&lt;0.57.0>,{closed,0}}
      ok
      6>
    </code>

    <p>Note only the channel is closed the connection is still up and can handle other channels</p>

    <code type="erl" >
      6> {ok, NewChannelId} =  ssh_connection:session_channel(ConnectionRef, infinity).
        {ok,1}
	...
    </code>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>SFTP (SSH File Transport Protocol) server</title>

    <code type="erl" >
      1> ssh:start().
      ok
      2> ssh:daemon(8989,  [{system_dir, "/tmp/ssh_daemon"},
         {user_dir, "/tmp/otptest_user/.ssh"},
         {subsystems, [ssh_sftpd:subsystem_spec([{cwd, "/tmp/sftp/example"}])]}]).
      {ok,&lt;0.54.0>}
      3>
    </code>

    <p> Run the openssh sftp client</p>

    <code type="erl">
      $bash> sftp -oPort=8989 -o IdentityFile=/tmp/otptest_user/.ssh/id_rsa\
             -o UserKnownHostsFile=/tmp/otptest_user/.ssh/known_hosts tarlop
      Connecting to tarlop...
      sftp> pwd
      Remote working directory: /tmp/sftp/example
      sftp>
    </code>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>SFTP (SSH File Transport Protocol) client</title>

    <code type="erl" >
      1> ssh:start().
      ok
      2> {ok, ChannelPid, Connection} = ssh_sftp:start_channel("tarlop", []).
      {ok,&lt;0.57.0>,&lt;0.51.0>}
      3>  ssh_sftp:read_file(ChannelPid, "/home/otptest/test.txt").
      {ok,&lt;&lt;"This is a test file\n">>}
    </code>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Creating a subsystem</title>

    <p>A very small SSH subsystem that echos N bytes could be implemented like this.
    See also <seealso marker="ssh_channel"> ssh_channel(3)</seealso> </p>

    <code type="erl" >
-module(ssh_echo_server).
-behaviour(ssh_subsystem).
-record(state, {
	  n,
	  id,
	  cm
	 }).
-export([init/1, handle_msg/2, handle_ssh_msg/2, terminate/2]).

init([N]) ->
    {ok, #state{n = N}}.

handle_msg({ssh_channel_up, ChannelId, ConnectionManager}, State) ->
    {ok, State#state{id = ChannelId,
		     cm = ConnectionManager}}.

handle_ssh_msg({ssh_cm, CM, {data, ChannelId, 0, Data}}, #state{n = N} = State) ->
    M = N - size(Data),
    case M > 0 of
	true ->
	   ssh_connection:send(CM, ChannelId, Data),
	   {ok, State#state{n = M}};
	false ->
	   &lt;&lt;SendData:N/binary, _/binary>> = Data,
           ssh_connection:send(CM, ChannelId, SendData),
           ssh_connection:send_eof(CM, ChannelId),
	   {stop, ChannelId, State}
    end;
handle_ssh_msg({ssh_cm, _ConnectionManager,
		{data, _ChannelId, 1, Data}}, State) ->
    error_logger:format(standard_error, " ~p~n", [binary_to_list(Data)]),
    {ok, State};

handle_ssh_msg({ssh_cm, _ConnectionManager, {eof, _ChannelId}}, State) ->
    {ok, State};

handle_ssh_msg({ssh_cm, _, {signal, _, _}}, State) ->
    %% Ignore signals according to RFC 4254 section 6.9.
    {ok, State};

handle_ssh_msg({ssh_cm, _, {exit_signal, ChannelId, _, _Error, _}},
	       State) ->
    {stop, ChannelId,  State};

handle_ssh_msg({ssh_cm, _, {exit_status, ChannelId, _Status}}, State) ->
    {stop, ChannelId, State}.

terminate(_Reason, _State) ->
    ok.
 </code>

 <p>And run like this on the host tarlop with the keys generated in section 3.3</p>

 <code type="erl" >
   1> ssh:start().
   ok
   2>  ssh:daemon(8989, [{system_dir, "/tmp/ssh_daemon"},
   {user_dir, "/tmp/otptest_user/.ssh"}
   {subsystems, [{"echo_n", {ssh_echo_server, [10]}}]}]).
   {ok,&lt;0.54.0>}
   3>
 </code>

 <code type="erl" >
   1> ssh:start().
   ok
   2>{ok, ConnectionRef} = ssh:connect("tarlop", 8989, [{user_dir, "/tmp/otptest_user/.ssh"}]).
    {ok,&lt;0.57.0>}
   3>{ok, ChannelId} = ssh_connection:session_channel(ConnectionRef, infinity).
   4> success = ssh_connection:subsystem(ConnectionRef, ChannelId, "echo_n", infinity).
   5> ok = ssh_connection:send(ConnectionRef, ChannelId, "0123456789", infinity).
   6> flush().
   {ssh_msg, &lt;0.57.0>, {data, 0, 1, "0123456789"}}
   {ssh_msg, &lt;0.57.0>, {eof, 0}}
   {ssh_msg, &lt;0.57.0>, {closed, 0}}
   7> {error, closed} = ssh_connection:send(ConnectionRef, ChannelId, "10", infinity).
 </code>

</section>

</chapter>
